气候变化条件下樱桃绕实蝇在中国的潜在地理分布预测

樱桃绕实蝇Rhagoletis cerasi(L.)被我国列为进境检疫性有害生物,目前在我国尚无分布报道。为明确该虫在我国的适生区及适生程度,利用CLIMEX地点比较模型预测在当前以及未来2030、2080年A1B与A2两种不同排放情景下樱桃绕实蝇在我国的潜在地理分布。结果显示,樱桃绕实蝇在我国的潜在地理分布包括长江以北的大部分地区,随着气候变化,到2030年与2080年,樱桃绕实蝇的低度适生区、中度适生区面积均增加,高度适生区面积减少,其中在2030年A1B排放情景下樱桃绕实蝇的总适生区面积增加了48.4万km~2,在2030年的A2情景下与2080年的A1B与A2情景下总适生区面积分别减少了3.4、5.7、5.7万km~2。因此,为保护我国樱桃种植业的安全生产,应加强对该虫的检疫力度,防止其传入我国。     

长期施用有机物料对旱地红壤磷组分及磷素有效性的影响

针对中亚热带第四纪红黏土发育的红壤旱地,建立了玉米单作系统等碳量投入有机物料的田间试验,利用不同的磷分级方法研究了不同有机物料施用对土壤磷组分的影响,构建了不同磷组分的含量与土壤全磷及有效磷之间的回归方程,明确了不同磷组分对土壤磷活化系数(PAC)及磷肥(表观和经济)利用率的影响。连续7a的试验结果表明:施用有机物料可以增加土壤PAC和磷肥利用率,并以秸秆猪粪9︰1配施(NPKS/M)处理效果最佳,显著高于常规施肥处理(NPK);施用有机物料显著提升了土壤有机磷含量,且与土壤有效磷含量显著正相关,其对土壤PAC及磷肥(表观和经济)利用率影响显著。施用有机物料通过影响土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、交换性K⁺以及交换性Al³⁺含量影响土壤磷的有效性。     

Soil microbial biomass, abundance, and diversity in a Japanese red pine forest: first year after fire

This study was conducted to determine the microbial biomass carbon and abundance and diversity of soil microorganisms immediately after the occurrence of fire in a Japanese red pine forest, and to determine the pattern of microbial recovery within the first year after fire. The effects of fire at three slope positions were also determined. Three plots in each of the burnt and unburnt areas, measuring 10 × 10 m, were established. The first plot was located at the valley bottom, the second plot was located at the middle slope, and the third plot was located at the ridge. Analysis showed that for all parameters studied, the three plots in the unburnt area did not differ significantly and so they were treated as one control plot. The microbial biomass, abundance, and diversity structure in the unburnt and burnt plots showed significant differences. The unburnt area had the highest biomass carbon, abundance, and diversity, followed by the valley bottom, the middle slope, and then the ridge in the burnt area, and significant differences in the burnt plots were found between the valley bottom, the middle slope, and the ridge. The microbial diversity in the burnt area differed from that of the unburnt area, the microbial diversity being significantly lower in the burnt area, and the ridge was shown to have been the most affected by fire.     

Effects of supplemental β‐carotene on colostral immunoglobulin and plasma β‐carotene and immunoglobulin in Japanese Black cows

Data from 26 Japanese Black cows were collected to clarify the effects of supplemental β‐carotene on colostral immunoglobulin (Ig) and plasma β‐carotene and Ig in the cows. Cows were assigned to control or β‐carotene groups from 21 days before the expected calving date to 60 days after parturition. Supplemental β‐carotene was provided at 500 mg/day in the β‐carotene group. Supplemental β‐carotene drastically increased plasma β‐carotene concentrations in the cows from parturition to 60 days after parturition, and plasma β‐carotene concentrations in the control and β‐carotene groups at parturition were 202 and 452 μg/dl, respectively. Supplemental β‐carotene had no effects on plasma IgG₁, IgA or IgM concentrations at parturition. Supplemental β‐carotene increased colostral IgG₁ concentrations in the cows, but colostral β‐carotene, IgA and IgM concentrations were not affected by supplemental β‐carotene. These results indicate that supplemental β‐carotene is effective to enhance colostral IgG₁ concentrations and plasma β‐carotene concentrations in Japanese Black cows.     

Mineralogical composition of iron oxides in red- and yellow-colored soils from Southern Japan and Yunnan,China

Six soil samples from the Bt2 horizon of red- and yellow-colored soils collected in Southern Japan and Yunnan, China, were used in this study. Detailed mineralogical studies by differential X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of hematite in association with goethite in the red-colored soils, whereas no hematite was detected in the yellow-colored soils. Among the samples studied, the increase in the hematite contents was as follows: Terra rossa-like/Red-Yellow soil in Kikai Island, Red soil in Toyota City, Lateritic Red soil in Minami-Daito Island and Lateritic Red soil in Yunnan, China. Since Lateritic Red soil and Lateritic Yellow soil are distributed adjacently on the Pleistocene raised coral reef terrace in Minami-Daito Island, having a fairly similar soil temperature regime, soil pH, soil organic matter and iron oxide contents, the difference in the soil color between the two soils may be caused by the difference in the hydrologic conditions.     

Identification of the effects of long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer on the availability of 11 elements in soils and their supply to ‘Jonathan’ apple trees by using simultaneous multi-element analysis

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term application of ammoniacal N fertilizer for 43?years on the availability of 10 essential elements (B, N, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn) and Al in root-zone soils and their supply to ‘Jonathan’ apple trees. To achieve this objective, we used simultaneous multi-element analysis. To estimate the soil depth from which the apple trees took up these elements, we calculated the ratios of their concentrations in the N fertilized plot (N plot) to those in the no N plot (0?N plot) (N/0N ratio). Long-term N fertilization significantly increased the fruit and leaf N/0N ratios of N and Mn and significantly decreased that of K. These ratios in the fruits and leaves were similar to those in the 20–90?cm soil layer. This result suggests that N, K, and Mn in the fruits and leaves were supplied from the 20–90?cm soil layer. The N/0N ratios of all 11 elements in the fruits and leaves were significantly positively correlated with those in the 20–90?cm soil layer, but not in the 0–20?cm soil layer. Our findings indicate that long-term N fertilization altered the tree nutrition of not only N, but also K and Mn. These changes in the tree nutrition were ascribed to the fertilizer-induced changes in the availability of elements in the subsoils.     

Improvement in gluten-free rice bread quality by protease treatment

The wide prevalence of gluten-related disorders has led to increase in the demand for gluten-free foods. Rice is a gluten-free and less allergenic cereal. However, bread made from rice flour, i.e., gluten-free rice bread, is generally of poor quality because rice flour cannot develop a network with gluten-like properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of protease treatment on gluten-free rice to improve the quality of its bread. Bread treated with a commercial protease from Bacillus stearothermophilus (thermoase) was of higher quality, i.e., good crumb appearance, high volume, and soft texture, depending on the amount of enzyme added. Rice proteins in the protease-treated bread were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which showed that glutelins and prolamins were hardly digested by thermoase in comparison with other proteins. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that many cellular structures were formed in the thermoase-treated bread; however, these structures were rare in the untreated control. Bread crumb color was not affected by the treatment. The staling rate was much lower for the thermoase-treated bread than for the control. These results indicate that thermoase treatment can be successfully used to improve the quality of gluten-free rice bread by partial digestion of rice proteins.     

褐飞虱体内Himetobi P病毒的检测及组织定位

通过对Himetobi P病毒(HiPV)在褐飞虱[Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)]不同地理种群之间的差异、不同发育阶段的感染水平及不同器官组织的感染情况等方面的研究,为进一步研究HiPV与褐飞虱的互作及HiPV的应用奠定基础.对采自亚洲各地的10个褐飞虱种群进行实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real-time fluorescent quantitationpolymerase chain reaction,FQ-PCR)检测,发现所有检测的种群都携带有HiPV.根据HiPV衣壳蛋白编码序列进行聚类分析表明,不同地理来源宿主的病毒聚类与采集的地理远近并不一致.该病毒对褐飞虱没有明显的致病作用,可能是一种共生病毒.FQ-PCR分析表明,褐飞虱体内HiPV的相对含量随褐飞虱龄期的增大而缓慢增加,在成虫期达到高峰,且成虫中雄虫的带毒量高于雌虫.以FQ-PCR和免疫组织化学对宿主不同组织的病毒感染水平进行检测表明,HiPV在宿主的中肠后端部分感染水平最高,马氏管次之,而卵巢、精巢、唾液腺、脂肪体中含量较低.     

Ontogenetic habitat shift of age-0 Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> on the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan: differences in timing of the shift among areas and potential effects on recruitment success

Ontogenetic habitat shift and feeding habits in the shallow (< 15 m) and deep (30–80 m) habitats of age-0 Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in Sendai Bay, the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan, were examined to understand the mechanisms that potentially enable area-specific high recruitment success. The flounder was able to use the shallow nursery habitat for about 1 year, until the next summer of their settlement (June–August) when they had reached 250 mm total length (TL). In addition, age-0 flounder between 150 and 250 mm TL used both shallow and deep habitats from winter to the next summer of their settlement, where species, size, and availability of potential food and susceptibility to predators are considerably different. These area-specific characteristics in Sendai Bay are clearly different from other areas around Japan that have been described in the literature: shorter residence in the shallow habitat and smaller size at emigration to the deep habitat. The characteristics in Sendai Bay seem to be enabled by prolonged good feeding conditions in the shallow habitat, which result from an abundant food supply and relatively lower temperature that does not exceed the uppermost temperature (25 °C) for maximum growth of the age-0 flounder. We consider that the prolonged better feeding conditions in the shallow habitat in the study area for ca. 1 year after settlement contribute to higher recruitment success.     

浙贝母灰霉病病原真菌的分子鉴定

为了鉴定引起浙贝母Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.灰霉病的病原真菌,于2015年-2019年收集浙贝母灰霉病样品,采用常规组织分离法在PDA培养基上分离纯化获得10株葡萄孢属Botrytis真菌.进一步以内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)、RNA 聚合酶...