基于网络RTK的离心式无人机变量施药可行性初探

针对植保无人机施药准确性和作业效率需求的提高,验证网络实时动态(Real-Time Kinematic,RTK)载波差分技术在无人机施药上的可行性,设计了一种基于网络RTK的离心式变量施药系统.采用STM32F103为控制核心,通过串口获取GPS定位信息,并连接DTU模块实现网络RTK技术,通过脉冲宽度调制(Pulse...     

Simulating soil erodibility in southeastern China using a sequential Gaussian algorithm

Soil erodibility(K) is a key factor of soil erosion, and its appropriate quantification and interpolation are vitally important for soil and water conservation.The traditional point-represent-polygon approaches and common kriging method for the estimation of K, however, do not sufficiently represent the original data. The objectives of this study were to simulate the spatial distribution of K using a sequential Gaussian algorithm and analyze the uncertainty in evaluating the risk of soil erodibility in southeastern China. We determined 101 sampling points in the area and collected disturbed soil samples from the 0–20 cm layer at each point. Soil properties were determined, and K was calculated using five common models: the EPIC(Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator),approximate nomograph, Torri, Shirazi, and Wang models. Among the chosen models, the EPIC model performed the best at estimating K(KEPIC), which ranged from 0.019 to 0.060 t ha h(ha MJ mm)~(-1), with a mean of 0.043 t ha h(ha MJ mm)~(-1). The KEPICwas moderately spatially variable and had a limited spatial structure, increasing from south to north in our study area, and all spatial simulations using the cooperative kriging(CK) interpolation and the sequential Gaussian simulation(SGS) with 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 realizations had acceptable accuracies. The CK interpolation narrowed the range,and the SGS maintained the original characteristics of the calculated data. The proportions of the risk area were 38.0% and 10.1%, when the risk probability for K was 60% and 80%, respectively, and high risk areas were mostly located in the north. The results provide scientific guidance for managing the risk of soil erodibility in southeastern China.     

陕西省户县气候生产潜力分析

利用户县1971-2000年逐年年平均日照时数、年平均气温、年平均降水量、年平均蒸发量资料,计算分析了户县的光合、光温、光温水生产潜力并提出了提高气候生产潜力的措施.结果表明:(1)户县在这30 a的时间里光合,光温生产潜力总体呈减小趋势,而光温水生产潜力总体趋势略升;(2)光合生产潜力7月最高,3-10月占年光合生产潜力的79.1%,是农作物生产的最重要时期;(3)户县历年各月光温水生产潜力等值线变化剧烈,农作物整个生育期中水因子制约作用超过了温度因子;(4)冬半年使用温室技术、夏半年增强作物水资源供给是户县气候生产潜力提高的有效措施.     

北京市森林生态系统土壤保持能力的综合评价

为客观认识北京市森林生态系统的土壤保持功能,选用植被覆盖度、枯枝落叶厚度、林分类型、郁闭度和群落结构等5项指标,综合评价了北京市森林土壤保持能力的相对大小.结果表明:北京市森林生态系统的土壤保持能力较高,其中65.7%的森林保持土壤能力为中等以上,16.8%的森林保持土壤能力较低;不同区县森林的保土能力存在差异,其中石景山区的森林保土能力最高,其次为延庆县、密云县和门头沟区,而大兴区森林的保土能力最低;随着海拔高度增加,森林保持土壤的能力升高,即中山区(海拔＞800 m)森林的保持土壤能力最大,而平原区(海拔＜100 m)森林保持土壤能力较低;地形坡度增大,森林保持土壤能力也增加,不过坡度25°以上森林的保土能力接近;林地土壤类型不同,森林保持土壤能力也不同.其中土壤类型为山地棕壤、山地草甸土和褐土的森林保土能力较高,而为水稻土、潮土、风砂土和草甸沼泽土的森林保土能力较低.     

松辽平原盐碱土含盐量的遥感反演研究

通过对Aster遥感影像前9个波段的相关系数、标准差和诊断指数的分析,发现Aster遥感影像1,2,3波段的土壤反射率对土壤含盐量最为敏感.利用Aster遥感影像1,2,3波段作为自变量,盐碱土含盐量作为因变量进行逐步回归分析,建立土壤反射率数据与土壤含盐量数据之间的统计模型,利用决策树分类将地物分成5类,反演得到研究区盐碱土含盐量的空间分布图.研究发现,基于统计模型的遥感反演效果较好,具有一定的参考和应用价值.     

栽插和秸秆还田方式对水稻氮素吸收利用和产量的影响

【目的】秸秆还田方式影响土壤和肥料中养分的有效性,本研究通过比较不同还田方式下水稻产量、氮素吸收利用的差异,为水稻人工插秧和毯苗机插技术选择适宜的秸秆还田方式提供依据。【方法】本试验于2016-2018年在成都温江四川农业大学水稻研究所试验田进行,以籼型三系杂交稻F优498为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,主区为秸秆不还田(S0)、覆盖还田(S1)和翻埋还田(S2) 3种还田方式,副区为人工插秧(HT)和毯苗机插(MT) 2种栽插方式,氮肥用量为N 135 kg/hm^2,按基肥∶蘖肥∶促花肥∶保花肥=3∶3∶2∶2的比例施用。磷肥(过磷酸钙)用量为P2O5 90 kg/hm^2,作基肥一次施入;钾肥(氯化钾)用量为K2O 150 kg/hm^2,施用比例为基肥∶穗肥=7∶3。分别于分蘖盛期、拔节期、齐穗期和成熟期采集茎鞘、叶和穗样品测定干物重和氮含量,计算不同时期氮素积累、转运及氮素利用效率。【结果】秸秆还田方式对人工和机械插秧水稻产量、植株氮素积累及氮素利用具有显著影响。1)与S0相比,S1、S2处理提高了水稻产量,抑制了水稻分蘖盛期氮素积累,促进了拔节期至成熟期各器官及植株氮素积累,提高了植株氮含量,S1效果优于S2,且S1提高了氮素茎鞘转运量(44.1%)、茎鞘转运率(10.2%)、叶片转运量(23.5%)和穗氮增加幅度(21.2%),S2仅提高了氮素茎鞘转运量(24.7%)、茎鞘转运率(6.5%)和穗氮增加幅度(16.7%)。氮肥农学效率和氮素回收率表现为S1> S2,但S1、S2氮素的稻谷生产效率均有所降低。2)分蘖盛期至拔节期,HT处理的水稻各器官氮素积累、各时期植株氮素积累、氮素转运和产量均大于MT处理的,氮素回收率则显著低于MT处理的。秸秆还田方式对不同栽插方式氮素积累和转运的影响程度不一,分蘖盛期HT处理的氮素积累以S2处理最小,MT处理则以S1最小。两种栽插方式下拔节期至成熟期氮素积累和转运量、氮肥农学利用率及吸收利用率均以S1处理最大。【结论】从提高水稻产量和氮素利用率来看,人工插秧和毯苗机插均适宜采用小麦秸秆覆盖还田模式,并以覆盖还田结合人工插秧方式为最佳。     

Composition of clay minerals and their pedogenetic and taxonomic implications for Stagnic Anthrosols derived from different parent materials in Hunan Province,China

Purpose

The aims of this study were to investigate the composition of clay minerals in soils derived from different parent materials and to elucidate how parent materials and pedogenic environment affect the distribution of clay minerals and reveal the implications for pedogenetics and taxonomy in Stagnic Anthrosols.

Materials and methods

Clay mineralogy and physicochemical properties of the Hydragric horizon of Stagnic Anthrosols derived from granite (GR), plate shale (PS), quaternary red clays (QRC), limestone (LS), purple sandy shale (PSS) and fluvial-lacustrine deposit (FLD) located in Hunan Province of China were analysed to explore the relationships between the conditions influencing the formation of the soil and the composition of clay minerals.

Results and discussion

Results indicated that the composition of clay minerals is closely related to both parent material and type of Stagnic Anthrosols: the soils derived from GR, PS and QRC, which are mostly classified as Fe-accumulic-Stagnic Anthrosols, are dominantly 1:1 type kaolinite and vermiculite and illite/vermiculite mixed layer minerals of widespread distribution. However, soils derived from LS, PSS and FLD were mainly classified as Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols and are mainly composed of 2:1 type illite/smectite mixed layer minerals, where chlorite is commonly found. Illite is widely distributed and its content varies the least among different parent materials. An extremely significant relationship between pH and kaolinite, chlorite and mixed layer minerals was noted, and the two kinds of mixed layer minerals showed highly significant negative correlation.

Conclusions

This study revealed that the types and quantities of clay minerals in the soil are closely related to the types of parent material. This reflected better direction and degree of development in Stagnic Anthrosols, which is related to the physicochemical properties of parent material and can be used as one of the bases for the classification of soil groups and subgroups within the soil family for Stagnic Anthrosols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy.

     

A review of carbon isotopes of phytoliths: implications for phytolith-occluded carbon sources

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) is mainly derived from the products of photosynthesis, which can be preserved in soils and sediments for hundreds-to-thousands of...     

基于GPS和GIS的土地整理现场调查技术开发与应用

该文研究针对土地整理传统现场调查方法存在定位难、测量难、记录难等种种问题,围绕土地整理项目科学管理目标,将GPS技术、移动GIS技术进行集成,整合开发了一套支持土地整理现场调查的低成本、高效率、便携式、便利用的先进技术工具,为土地整理现场调查工作中存在的问题提供了一个系统的解决方案。研究成果先后在青海、北京、云南、广东、甘肃等地的土地开发整理项目实施检查和占补平衡项目考核工作中得到了应用,大大提高了现场调查工作的质量和效率,使复杂的现场调查工作变得更高效、更主动。研究及实践表明,对GPS、移动GIS技术进行整合开发是解决土地整理现场调查工作中所存在问题的有效手段,可大大提高现场调查工作的质量和效率。