Interspecific cross‐hybrids of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. (gla.) S ‘K326’ with Nicotiana alata

In order to introduce the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) resistance from Nicotiana alata into Nicotiana tabacum, a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line of N. tabacum (N. tabacum L. cv. (gla.) S ‘K326’), was successfully crossed with N. alata. Despite a high DNA content variability, F₁ hybrids could be classified in two subgroups, a major one encompassing fertile hybrids morphologically similar to their tobacco maternal parent but TSWV sensitive, and a minor one displaying sterile hybrids showing an intermediate phenotype and TSWV resistant. In order to elucidate the unexpected fertility recovery of the fertile F₁ plants, some N. alata fertility restoration ppr genes were cloned and were shown to be differentially expressed between parental lineages as well as between both F₁ subgroups, suggesting that N. alata contains fertility restoring allele able to overcome the CMS of N. tabacum.     

Mapping and validation of the quantitative trait loci for leaf stay‐green‐associated parameters in maize

Functional stay‐green is generally regarded as a desirable trait of varieties in major crops including maize. In this study, we used an F_3:4 recombinant inbred line population with 165 lines from a cross between a stay‐green inbred line (Zheng58) and a model inbred line (B73) using 211 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers to map quantitative trait loci for three stay‐green‐associated parameters, chlorophyll content, photosystem II photochemical efficiency and stay‐green area, at maturity stage, detected a total of 23 quantitative trait loci (QTL) on nine chromosomes. Single QTL explained 3.7–13.5% of the phenotypic variance. Additionally, we validated some important stay‐green QTL using a heterogeneous inbred family approach and found that the stay‐green‐associated parameters were significantly correlated with the plant yield. This study may contribute to a better insight into the regulatory mechanism behind leaf stay‐green in maize and a novel development of elite maize varieties with delayed leaf senescence through molecular marker‐assisted selection.     

Selection of soybean elite cultivars based on phenotypic and genomic characters related to lodging tolerance

Soybean lodging can result in serious yield reduction. Detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with lodging tolerance for their further application in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to enhance soybean breeding efficiency. In this study, a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed to identify soybean accessions that could potentially be used to produce lodging‐tolerant varieties, based on the comprehensive evaluation of lodging scores (LS) obtained for the parental cultivar “Tokachi nagaha” and its 137 derived cultivars. Results showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced LS. Of the 31 significant SNPs identified, 22 were consistently detected in two or more environments and 27 SNPs were located in or close to agronomically important QTL mapped by linkage analysis. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of LS tend to decrease with the elite alleles contained by accessions increasing. Some excellent accessions, with lower BLUPs and D_i (stability coefficients) values and more elite alleles, were selected. This study contributed to understand the genetic mechanism of lodging, providing genetic and phenotypic information for MAS.     

棉花纤维中木质素的相对分子量

分子量是聚合物的重要特性之一,木质素的分子量及其分布是研究苯丙烷类结构的反应、物理化学特性和评价其改性产物质量的内容之一。本研究以陆地棉TM-1成熟纤维为材料,分别利用酶解-温和酸解木质素法和二氧六环法提取棉纤维中木质素,结合凝胶渗透色谱法(gel permeation chromatography,GPC)调查和评价2种方法获得的棉纤维中木质素的相对分子量。结果表明,经二氧六环处理提取的棉花纤维中的木质素(dioxane lignin,DL)的重均分子量为2924g mol~(–1)、数均分子量2403 g mol~(–1),略高于由酶解-温和酸解处理提取的木质素(enzymatic hydrolysis-mild acidolysis lignin,EMAL)的重均分子量(2169 g mol~(–1))和数均分子量(1970 g mol~(–1)),EMAL的多分散系数稍低,说明木质素的均一性比DL高。表明EMAL法提取的木质素更适用于分析棉纤维中木质素的相对分子量。利用EMAL法分析棉纤维中木质素相对分子量表明,不同棉花品种的木质素重均分子量分布范围为938~2169 g mol~(–1),数均分子量分布范围为857~1970 g mol~(–1),多分散性系数在1.09~1.74间,均小于2。重均分子量与纤维马克隆值呈显著负相关,数均分子量与纤维长度呈显著负相关,与纤维马克隆值呈极显著负相关。     

甘蓝型油菜烷羟化酶基因MAH1的克隆与表达分析

在植物蜡质合成途径中,中链烷烃羟化酶(mid-chain alkane hydroxylase,MAH)催化烷烃羟基化形成二级醇,进一步氧化为酮。本研究以拟南芥P450依赖性酶CYP96A15/MAH1基因为探针,采用电子克隆与RT-PCR技术,获得2个甘蓝型油菜MAH1的全长编码区序列,分别命名为BnMAH1-1和BnMAH1-2(Gen Bank登录号分别为KT795344和KT795345)。二者ORF长度均为1491 bp,无内含子,核苷酸与氨基酸序列分别有92.4%与90.9%的一致性。根据编码区预测的BnMAH1-1和BnMAH1-2前体蛋白均为包含496个氨基酸残基的多肽链,具有典型的P450蛋白家族保守结构P415x R417x、K螺旋(E359xx R362)、C末端的血红素结合域(F436xx Gx Rx Cx G445)以及氧结合带保守区域(A/G)G309x(D/E)T312(T/S)。NCBI Blast N、氨基酸序列多重比对与系统学分析表明,两者与拟南芥MAH1/CYP96A15同源性最高。实时荧光定量PCR表明,BnMAH1-1与BnMAH1-2主要在甘蓝型油菜茎、叶、花、及角果中表达,其中在叶片中的表达量最高,在根系中的表达量很低,这与角质层蜡质主要沉积在植株地上部分相一致。BnMAH1-1和BnMAH1-2在无蜡粉材料茎、叶片中几乎不表达,表明蜡质的减少与MAH1的转录下调有关。BnMAH1-1与BnMAH1-2受SA、Me JA、ACC、ABA、Na Cl及干旱胁迫诱导表达,其中BnMAH1-1可能在水分胁迫响应中起主要作用。     

重金属Cd对蔬菜根际土壤微生物群落的影响

以盆栽小白菜、萝卜和辣椒为试材,对其根际土壤采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量分析、土壤理化性质分析方法,分为清水与清水+镉(Cd)2种处理,研究了不同处理对蔬菜根际土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明:1)清水+Cd处理的蔬菜根际土壤微生物的含量均无显著差异,但萝卜根际土壤的微生物含量与小白菜和辣椒相比较低。2)主成分分析表明,用清水+Cd灌溉处理蔬菜,对萝卜根际土壤微生物群落结构影响最大。3)不同灌溉方式处理下的蔬菜根际土壤微生物类群中PLFA的含量均表现为革兰氏阳性菌(G+)革兰氏阴性菌(G-)放线菌真菌;与清水对照相比,用含Cd的溶液灌溉蔬菜,其PLFA值均无显著差异。4)用不同灌溉方式浇灌蔬菜,在蔬菜收获期对土壤理化性质进行分析表明,清水+Cd处理对小白菜吸收土壤中的全氮及萝卜和辣椒吸收土壤中的硝酸盐氮的影响较大。     

不同温度层积处理对北五味子种子休眠过程中种胚后熟的影响

以北五味子种子为试材,采用不同温度层积处理的方法,研究了变温层积处理对北五味子种子休眠过程中种胚后熟的影响。结果表明:持续一定时间(90d)的12℃高温层积处理(T1)和12℃高温层积后结合-4℃低温变温层积处理(T3、T4、T5,处理天数均为90d)均有利于北五味子种胚后熟,使种胚占有率显著增加,而变温层积处理比持续高温处理T1更有利种胚后熟,其中12℃层积60d后再进行-4℃低温层积30d的处理(T5)最佳,其种胚占有率最大,种胚的成熟度最高。随着层积处理天数的增加,种子内的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脱落酸含量均下降,赤霉素含量表现为先下降后上升趋势,说明种胚的后熟需要消耗更多的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脱落酸、赤霉素含量的升高有利于解除休眠促进种胚后熟。     

外源Ca~(2+)对莲藕幼苗盐胁迫的缓解效应

以莲藕H_2(花藕品种,盐敏感)为材料,利用NaCl与Ca(NO_3)_2处理3片立叶的幼苗,研究外源Ca~(2+)对缓解植株盐胁迫的生理作用。结果显示:采用NaCl处理后,叶片中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量和SOD活性显著降低,而细胞膜透性、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量升高;利用不同浓度的Ca~(2+)进行缓解处理,发现外源施加低浓度的Ca~(2+)后,叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量和SOD活性均显著提高,脯氨酸含量较之前升高幅度更大,而细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量后期显著降低,说明Ca~(2+)对缓解莲藕盐胁迫具有较好的效果。当Ca~(2+)浓度增加时,缓解作用不明显,甚至出现抑制效果。     

高强钢焊接薄腹工形截面双向压弯构件的稳定性

应用ANSYS有限元,分析了Q460高强钢焊接薄腹工形截面双向压弯构件的稳定性能,提出了可供实际应用参考的设计公式。分析中考虑的主要参数有腹板高厚比,构件长细比,翼缘宽厚比及荷载偏心率。结果表明,对受压为主的构件,腹板局部屈曲对构件稳定承载力影响较大,而对受弯为主的构件,这一因素对构件稳定承载力影响较小。有限元分析结果与现行规范方法计算结果比较表明,目前规范方法尚不能较好地计算高强钢焊接薄腹工形截面双向压弯构件的稳定承载力,因而提出了修正直接强度法,该法精度较好且偏于安全。     

利用红外光谱研究‘凤丹白’牡丹花瓣伸展过程中物质变化

为了明确花瓣的伸展机制,以‘凤丹白’牡丹(Paeonia ostii)为研究对象,借助傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)及高斯多峰拟合,分析蕾期、初开期和盛开期花瓣的波谱特征及蛋白质二级结构的差异性。主要结果如下:随着花朵开放花瓣伸展,777、1 105、1 155、1 243、1 447、1 651、1 740、2 853和2 926 cm~(-1)处的振动峰振动依次增强,表明磷脂质、核酸、脂类和蛋白质等代谢物质随花瓣的伸展逐渐增强;且蕾期1 030 cm~(-1)处的振动峰在花开后移至1 060 cm~(-1),表明蕾期花瓣细胞壁多糖以甘露聚糖为主,花朵开放后则以阿拉伯糖为主。蛋白质中甲基基团含量(A2 951 cm~(-1)/A 2 858 cm~(-1))出现平稳下降的趋势,初开期比蕾期减少7.97%,盛开期减少13.38%;糖蛋白的变化(A 1 083 cm~(-1)/A 1 547 cm~(-1))也呈现下降趋势,推测‘凤丹白’牡丹是通过蛋白质糖基化作用调控花瓣的伸展过程。对氨基Ⅰ区域(1 600~1 700 cm~(-1))高斯多峰拟合数据显示,各阶段花瓣中均含有果胶相连的β–折叠、β–折叠、无规卷曲、α–螺旋及环与转角;α–螺旋、β–折叠及无规卷曲所占比例在花瓣伸展过程中呈现增长趋势,表明蕾期花瓣通过降低α–螺旋应对缺水造成的生理胁迫,并可以利用ATP合成花瓣生长发育所需的物质;花瓣通过形成更多功能域较多的蛋白质,有效调控花瓣伸展时复杂的生物化学过程。