宁夏枸杞主产区土壤化学肥力现状及评价

枸杞是著名的中药材,也是宁夏的优势特色作物,为探明宁夏枸杞主产区土壤质量现状,于2021年对宁夏枸杞主产区中宁县7个乡镇的枸杞园土壤进行了多点调查及土壤养分测定,依据我国北方果园养分划分标准及其他产区枸杞园养分状况对宁夏枸杞主产区养分现状进行评价。研究结果表明：（1）在枸杞返青前0～100 cm剖面土壤含水量平均约14.5%;耕层（0～40 cm）pH、EC均值分别为8.02、817.4μS/cm,有机质含量均值为8.59g/kg,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均值分别为62.2、104.1、273.1 mg/kg。（2）0～100 cm剖面含水量变化较大,其中70～80 cm含水量相对较低;从表层10 cm至下层100 cm土壤盐分含量呈递减趋势,表层EC值达1045.4μS/cm,较下层100 cm处高47.8%;碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量从20 cm至100 cm均呈递减趋势,碱解氮含量在40 cm处变化幅度较大,有效磷和速效钾含量在60 cm处变化幅度较大。（3）依据果园养分质量评价标准,耕层0～40 cm土壤质量总体偏碱性,表层0～10 cm轻度盐渍化,20 cm以下虽未达到盐渍...     

疣粒野生稻保护、遗传特性及利用研究进展

疣粒野生稻(Oryza meyeriana Baill.)是稻属中保存较多原始性状特征的种类,对病害、虫害及非生物胁迫的抗性良好,尤其是高抗白叶枯病,蕴含大量优良基因,既可作为抗病、抗虫、耐旱和耐盐碱基因发掘及水稻育种的优良抗源材料,也可作为稻作高蛋白、高赖氨酸等改良稻米品质育种的优异种质资源;但疣粒野生稻(GG基因组)与栽培稻(AA基因组)亲缘关系较远,其遗传特性研究和发掘利用远落后于普通野生稻等其他野生稻.文章通过综述疣粒野生稻分类和命名、优异性状、遗传特性及其在水稻种质资源创新与利用等方面的研究进展,并探讨疣粒野生稻研究和利用过程中存在的困难,指出当前疣粒野生稻赖以生存的原生境不断遭到破坏,其生存形势已十分严峻,若现存的居群得不到有效保护,将会造成更多的资源流失;此外,疣粒野生稻基因组的复杂程度限制了其功能基因及基因家族的研究,同时增加了同源基因克隆的难度和准确度,致使疣粒野生稻有利基因的发掘和利用进程缓慢,以疣粒野生稻为亲本的育种研究非常有限.因此,今后要从以下3个方面加强疣粒野生稻研究:(1)重视疣粒野生稻的保护,加强保存、保护措施研究;(2)借助现代生物技术,包括第三代高通量测序技术、蛋白组学分析和代谢组学技术等开展疣粒野生稻优异性状调控机理研究,加强抗病、抗虫、耐旱及耐阴等功能基因的发掘.(3)加强疣粒野生稻杂交障碍和杂交后代不育研究,寻求克服杂交障碍及挽救杂交后代的方法,促进疣粒野生稻在水稻育种中的应用.     

基于InDel分子标记的云南地方稻籼粳属性与表型性状相关分析

[目的]明确云南地方稻资源的籼粳属性及籼粳基因频率与表型性状间的相关性,为有效利用云南地方稻资源改良水稻品种提供理论依据.[方法]利用39对InDel籼粳特异性标记对来自云南12个地州69个县区的406份云南地方稻资源进行籼粳属性分析,通过计算云南地方稻资源在39个InDel位点上的籼粳基因频率,确定其籼粳类型;并对倒伏性、芒长、颖尖色、谷粒形状、株高、穗颈长、穗长、有效穗数、剑叶长、剑叶宽、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、千粒重、结实率、谷粒长和谷粒宽等18个表型性状进行调查,分析籼粳基因频率与表型性状的相关性.[结果]406份云南地方稻资源中有303份籼型稻(典型籼稻、籼稻和偏籼),占74.63%,其中典型籼稻77份、籼稻214份、偏籼12份;中间型资源11份,占2.71%;粳型稻(典型粳稻、粳稻和偏粳)有92份,占22.66%,其中典型粳稻36份、粳稻54份、偏粳2份.籼粳基因频率与表型性状的相关分析结果表明,粳型基因频率与穗颈长、谷粒宽、芒长、穎尖色、穗长、剑叶长、每穗总粒数、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、谷粒长和谷粒形状等11个表型性状呈极显著相关(P<0.01,下同),其中与谷粒宽(r=0.374)的正相关性最高,与谷粒形状(r=-0.429)的负相关性最高.[结论]云南地方稻资源存在明显的籼粳分化,InDel分子指数法所划分的7种籼粳类型在406份资源中均有出现,且其籼粳属性的分化与多个表型性状存在极显著相关性,尤其与谷粒宽(极显著正相关)和谷粒形状(极显著负相关)的相关性最高.因此,利用云南地方稻资源进行籼、粳稻定向改良及选育时应综合考虑谷粒宽和谷粒形状2个表型性状.     

渭南市种植业面源污染现状、防治难点及对策建议

掌握面源污染现状是进行污染防治的前提。本研究概述了渭南市种植业面源污染的现状,指出化肥施用高量低效并存、农药包装物污染、残膜污染持续以及秸秆综合利用衍生问题突出,是当前种植业面源污染亟待解决的问题,然后结合防治难点,从宣传普及、强化监测、健全法规、资金保障以及做好技术研发和推广等角度提出了较系统的防治对策和建议。     

拔节后补灌对不同穗型冬小麦耗水和籽粒产量的影响

为探究拔节期和开花期不同补灌方案对不同穗型冬小麦耗水特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响,于2017-2019年在山东省泰安市以大穗型品种山农23和中多穗型品种山农29为试验材料,以拔节后无灌水(T1)为对照,设置拔节期补灌目标为0~20 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T2)、拔节期和开花期补灌目标为0~20 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T3)和拔节期补灌目标为0~40 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T4) 3种补灌方案。结果表明,拔节后不同补灌方案对大穗型和多穗型小麦品种影响基本一致。与T1处理相比,T4处理显著提高了0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水率,使60~100 cm土层土壤相对含水率在开花期仍保持较高水平;T3处理显著提高了拔节期0～60 cm和开花期0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水率。与T3处理相比,T4处理的拔节至开花阶段耗水量增加了28.9%,其中对上层土壤总供水的表观消耗量增加了66.4%;T4处理在开花至成熟阶段对深层土壤总供水的表观消耗量增加了68.0%,对上层土壤总供水的表观消耗量降低了37.4%。在开花至成熟期降水较多(121.2 mm)的年份,T4处理的开花至成熟阶段耗水量、开花后旗叶净光合速率和籽粒产量相对于T3处理均无显著变化,但总耗水量较高,水分利用效率显著降低;在开花至成熟期降水较少(45.2 mm)的年份,T4处理的开花至成熟期的阶段耗水量、开花后旗叶净光合速率、籽粒产量和水分利用效率较T3处理均显著降低。因此,在小麦全生育期降水量为111.6~220.2 mm、开花后降水量为45.2~121.2 mm的条件下,大穗型和中多穗型小麦品种均以在拔节期和开花期将0~20 cm土层补灌至100%田间持水率的补灌方案最优,可同时实现高产和高水分利用效率。     

云南省水稻稻瘟病菌无毒基因AVR-Pia变异及水稻抗性基因Pia的有效性

为进一步了解田间稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae群体中AVR-Pia基因的分布及变异,利用水稻单基因系IRBLa-C水稻品种对自云南省13个市(州)采集分离得到的471株稻瘟病菌菌株进行抗性基因Pia有效性测定;利用无毒基因AVR-Pia特异性标记对471株稻瘟病菌菌株进行PCR检测和测序,并分析稻瘟病菌群体中无毒基因AVR-Pia的分布及DNA结构变异;利用有效性结果和PCR检测结果对471株菌株进行反应型划分,筛选鉴定菌株;利用鉴定菌株对云南省112份地方稻种进行Pia基因鉴定。结果表明,在471株稻瘟病菌菌株中,对含有Pia基因的水稻单基因系IRBLa-C表现为抗病和感病的菌株数分别为139株和332株,所占比例分别为29.5%和70.5%;在471株稻瘟病菌菌株中,分别有244株和227株菌株含有无毒基因AVR-Pia和不含有无毒基因AVR-Pia,所占比例分别为51.8%和48.2%,无毒基因AVR-Pia主要为完全缺失变异;在471株稻瘟病菌菌株中,A-和V+反应型菌株数分别为56株和161株,共217株,占总菌株数的46.1%,在13个市(州)稻瘟病菌群体中,A-和V+反应型菌株所占比例差异较大,其中在普洱市、红河哈尼族彝族自治州、昭通市、玉溪市4个市(州)的比例较大,分别为77.8%、57.1%、52.1%和50.0%;在112份云南省地方稻种质资源中,有20份地方稻品种含有抗性基因Pia,主要分布在9个市(州)中。表明云南省13个市(州)绝大部分水稻产区水稻Pia基因已丧抗性,含Pia基因的水稻种质在云南省分布较广。     

ROCK promotes high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhi-biting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

AIMTo investigate whether Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is involved in high glucose-induced apoptosis of primary cardiomyocytes by regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. METHODSPrimary Wistar rat cardiomyocytes were cultured and identified by α-sarcomeric actin (α-SCA) immunohistochemistry. Cardiomyocytes were treated with 5.5, 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose for 48 h. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and the mRNA expression of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the cardiomyocytes was detected by RT-qPCR. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the apoptosis of the cardiomyocytes. The protein levels of ROCK1, ROCK2, cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, PI3K, Akt and p-Akt were determined by Western blot. In order to confirm the regulatory effect of ROCKs on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, the cells were divided into control group (5.5 mmol/L glucose), high glucose group (33 mmol/L glucose) and high glucose+Y27632 (ROCK inhibitor) group. Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of ROCK1, ROCK2, PI3K, Akt and p-Akt. RESULTSAfter 48 h of high glucose exposure, the values of relative cell viability in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups were (79.71±2.43)% and (68.41±7.49)%, respectively, both of which were significantly decreased compared with normal control group (P<0.05). After 48 h of high glucose exposure, the relative mRNA levels of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups were significantly increased compared with normal control group (P<0.05). Compared with normal control group, the apoptotic rate in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups was increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with normal control group, the protein expression of ROCK1, ROCK2 and cleaved caspase-3 in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups was increased (P<0.05), while the protein expression of Bcl-2 was decreased (P<0.05). No significant difference in the protein levels of PI3K and Akt among the 3 groups was observed, while the protein level of p-Akt in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups was decreased compared with normal control group (P<0.05). Compared with high glucose group, the expression of ROCK1 and ROCK2 was decreased in high glucose+Y27632 group. No significant difference in the protein levels of PI3K and Akt among the 3 groups was observed. Compared with normal control group, the protein level of p-Akt in high glucose group was decreased, and the protein level of p-Akt in high glucose+Y27632 group was increased significantly compared with high glucose group. CONCLUSION Under high glucose environment, ROCK may reduce the level of p-Akt by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thus promoting the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes.     

Effects of apelin-13 on oxidative stress induced by high uric acid in adipocytes

AIM: To study the effects of apelin-13 on oxidative stress induced by high uric acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were stimulated with uric acid at 10 mg/dL for 48 h. Some of the adipocytes were administered with 1 μmol/L apelin-13 in the presence of uric acid at 10 mg/dL. The adipocytes stimulated with 100 μmol/L H₂O₂ were served as positive controls. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations were detected by flow cytometry. The biochemical kits were used to measure the activities of superotide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the cell lysate and the supernatant. The mRNA levels of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components, including angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin-converting enzyrne1 (ACE1), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and AT2R, as well as angiotensin II receptor -like 1 (APJ) were measured by real-time PCR. The concentrations of angiotensin II (AngⅡ) in the cell lysate and the supernatant were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Adipocytes stimulated with uric acid at 10 mg/dL had lower activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-PX and CAT) and higher levels of NOX activity and MDA content (P < 0.05). Accordingly, the intracellular ROS levels were found to be dramatically increased. However, apelin-13 administration attenuated uric acid-induced oxidative stress in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Uric acid at 10 mg/dL upregulated the mRNA expression of local RAS, enhanced AngⅡ concentrations both in the cell lysate and the supernatant, and down-regulated the mRNA level of APJ in the adipocytes (P < 0.05). Conversely, apelin-13 partially reversed these parameters. CONCLUSION: Apelin-13 attenuates oxidative stress induced by uric acid, may be via down-regulation of local RAS expression in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes.     

黄连中盐酸小檗碱的提取纯化及抑菌活性研究

为了探究盐酸小檗碱在植物病原真菌方面的抑制作用,以黄连根粉为材料,采用酸水法提取和乙醇重结晶获得盐酸小檗碱纯品,采用生长速率法研究了盐酸小檗碱对常见植物病原菌的抑制活性。结果表明,盐酸小檗碱的提取率为3.3%,经高效液相色谱法测得其含量为93.56%;抑菌活性试验表明,盐酸小檗碱在100μg/mL时对玉米大斑病菌的抑制率达99.9%,EC_(50)为8.20μg/mL,表现出比药剂对照噁霉灵和百菌清更高的抑制活性;进一步的试验表明,与噁霉灵及百菌清相比,盐酸小檗碱对玉米大斑病菌的抑制作用具有持效期长的特点。