新时期黄土高原退耕还林(草)有关问题探讨

[目的]总结黄土高原退耕还林(草)工程实施20 a来取得的成效,旨在为新时期黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供参考。[方法]根据多年研究结果,结合近期调研和相关资料,归纳了新时期黄土高原退耕还林(草)工程实施过程中出现的问题。[结果]当前需要考虑的问题包括:①如何加速退耕还草;②是否实行严格的轮封轮牧;③如何处理好生态林和经济林的比例;④如何持续提高单位面积粮食产量等。[结论]新时期生态建设过程中需注重分析与研究出现的新问题,寻求切实的应对方案,以推动黄土高原地区生态文明建设和乡村振兴。     

Lead (Pb) accumulation,oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by dietary Pb in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

With the increasing occurrence of dietary lead (Pb) contamination in aquaculture, a better understanding of the toxic effects of dietary Pb on aquatic animals is needed. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to dietary Pb at concentrations of 0, 100, 400 and 800 μg g^?1 dry weight for 60 days, and Pb accumulation in tissues and blood, oxidative stress in posterior kidney and DNA damage in peripheral blood cells were investigated. The results showed that dietary Pb exposure resulted in significant Pb accumulation in tissues and blood, which increased with the dietary Pb concentrations. Pb accumulated in sampled tissues in the following order: posterior kidney>bone>liver>gill>spleen>testis>muscle>brain. Dietary Pb caused a significant increase in the malondialdehyde level and a significant decrease in the total antioxidant capacity content when compared with the control group (P<0.05), accompanied by concentration‐dependent decreases in the glutathione content, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Pb dose‐dependent DNA damage was observed in peripheral blood cells of tilapia exposed to dietary Pb. The results suggest that dietary Pb exposure can induce significant Pb accumulation in tissues and blood, followed by oxidative stress in posterior kidney and DNA damage in peripheral blood cells of tilapia.     

牛兔异种体细胞以兔卵母细胞为核受体的牛体细胞克隆研究

随着同种动物克隆后代的不断降生,人们又开始尝试异种动物体细胞核移植。用兔的卵母细胞作为核受体进行牛的体细胞核移植,研究表明,颗粒细胞作为供核体与兔去核卵母细胞的融合率(60.5%,57.9%)稍高于皮肤成纤维细胞的融合率(52.2%,48.4%),但两者间差异并不显著。颗粒细胞与皮肤成纤维细胞均采用饥饿培养和接触抑制培养两种不同的方式进行诱导处理,融合卵在电激活后能够卵裂并发育的情况差异显著(72.6%对51.4%;70.4%对52.2%)。有少数重构胚发育至囊胚,证明在哺乳动物异种重构胚早期发育中,异种细胞核与细胞质间是相容的。     

不同纬度环境对马铃薯淀粉含量及淀粉品质的影响

将8个马铃薯品种分别种植在不同纬度的生态区,收获后分析纬度生态因子对淀粉含量和淀粉粘度指标影响.结果表明,马铃薯淀粉含量变化总趋势为东北和西北地区较高、华北地区较低.在40°06'N～48°04'N范围内淀粉含量随纬度升高逐渐增加.在同纬度地区,淀粉含量随海拔的升高而增加.淀粉粘度随纬度变化趋势与淀粉含量基本一致.     

Analysis of genotypic and environmental effects on rice starch. 1. Apparent amylose content, pasting viscosity, and gel texture

Eight rice varieties with wide diversity in apparent amylose content (AC) were selected and planted in the early season and late season of Hangzhou and in the winter season of Hainan for two consecutive years to study the genotype x environment effects on the starch properties of the grain. Analyses of variance showed that AC, cool paste viscosity, breakdown viscosity, setback viscosity, peak time, gel hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness were mainly affected by genotypic variation, whereas peak viscosity and hot paste viscosity were mainly affected by environmental variation. The year x season, year x variety, seasonx variety, and year x season x variety effects were significant for most traits, indicating significant genotype x environment interactions. AC was significantly correlated with all other parameters except PV. Because the Wx gene controls the synthesis of amylose in rice, the mechanism of how the environment affects starch properties is discussed in relation to Wx expression and regulation. The implications of the results for rice breeders and starch-based food manufacturers are discussed.     

中国茶叶感官审评术语的形成与发展现状

GB/T 14487《茶叶感官审评术语》是我国目前采用穷尽法建立的内容丰富、具有代表性的食品感官术语集,对茶叶感官术语进行了规范化的整理与分类。它遵循感官术语的形成规律,是茶叶感官属性的客观表征,具有鲜明的中国传统语言特色。文章从语言学角度提出了茶叶感官术语"基元语素"概念。GB/T14487中包括名词、副词、形容词、动词4种类型的基元语素,基元语素构成的术语称为单词(字)型术语,大多数组合术语都是这4种基元语素的排列组合,并可划分为8种不同类型。从术语学角度看,目前茶叶感官审评术语还有部分条目尚需完善。     

6-Benzylaminopurine delays senescence and enhances health-promoting compounds of harvested broccoli

The effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) on the color, antioxidant activity, and contents of total phenols, glucosinolate, and sulforaphane in broccoli florets was investigated. The results showed that 6-BA treatment markedly inhibited the increase of the L* value and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and retarded the decrease of the H value. 6-BA treatment reduced the rate of chlorophyll degradation by regulating the activities of chlorophyllase and Mg-dechelatase. When compared to control florets, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) were enhanced in florets treated with 6-BA, whereas the activity of peroxidase (POD) was significantly reduced. The contents of total phenols, glucosinolate, and sulforaphane in broccoli florets were also profoundly increased after treatment with 6-BA. These results indicated that 6-BA could maintain the quality, delay senescence, and improve the nutritional value of broccoli.     

‘芽黄’红瑞木枝干溃疡病病原菌的鉴定及药剂防治

‘芽黄’红瑞木枝干溃疡病在上海发生严重。本研究通过病原菌分离,致病性测定和形态学特征观察,将引起此病害的病原菌鉴定为拟盘多毛孢属一种Pestalotiopsissp.。通过扩增病原菌的rDNA-ITS序列,构建系统发育树,其在系统发育树上与拟盘多毛孢属中分生孢子中间三个细胞异色的类群处于同一分支,此结果与形态学鉴定结果一致。5种杀菌剂室内药剂筛选结果表明,对Pestalotiopsis sp.的抑制中浓度(EC50)为0.639~1.787μg/mL。4种杀菌剂室外药效试验结果表明,在发病初期,25%丙环唑乳油和25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治效果可达80%以上,当病害发展后,供试4种杀菌剂对病害的防治效果均小于50%。     

Fine roots refilling process in an artificial gap in a Picea mongolica forest

Picea mongolica is an endemic but endangered species in China. The spruce forest is only found in sandy forest-steppe ecotones. In this study, we examined the initial response of the quantity and refilling process of fine roots in an artificial canopy gap with a diameter of 36 m in a P. mongolica forest. Under the canopy, the fine root length densities of trees, shrubs and herbs were 2,622, 864 and 3,086 m·m–2, respectively. The fine root biomass of trees, shrubs and herbs were 148, 62 and 65 g·m–2, respect...