Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters

This paper determined the effects of mulching time for double furrows and ridges using plastic film on soil water status, grain yield of maize, soil quality, and economic benefits. The study was conducted in a typical semiarid area during two growing seasons of 2006–2007 with the following three treatments: (i) plastic film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (CK); (ii) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (T1); and (iii) mulching at sowing with no-tillage, and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season (T2). The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year (2007) improved soil water content (in the 0–60 cm layer) and temperature (10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons, the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0–80 cm soil layer in CK and T1, and in the 0–120 cm soil layer in T2; however, it decreased significantly in 140–200 cm soil layer in CK and T1, compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006, and there was no significant change in T2. The rainfall storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season (late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK, 34.0 mm in T1, and 59.7 mm in T2, and the rainfall storage in 100–200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1, respectively. In 2006, there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in all treatments. In 2007, the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2, but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) (0–20 cm) decreased in CK and T1, but increased (by 2.7%) in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006. The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK, 1.40:1 for T1, and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons. Therefore, T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage, producing greater economic benefit and maintaining SOC balance for maize production in semiarid area.     

基于双次Otsu算法的野外荔枝多类色彩目标快速识别

针对目前野外环境下多类目标识别速度偏慢,导致机器人视觉定位精度低和工作效率不高的难题,以野外环境下成熟荔枝的多类色彩目标识别为例,提出了一种双次Otsu分割算法对多类色彩目标进行识别。首先为了提高算法的效率,改进了传统的Otsu算式;然后对目标色彩图像的背景、果梗、果实分别用改进的Otsu算法进行粗分割和细分割。最后通过与K-均值聚类(K-means)算法、模糊C均值聚类(FCM)算法、Otsu和K-means结合算法、Otsu和FCM结合算法这4种算法进行对比,双次Otsu算法从分割质量及其正确分割率、运行时间、稳定性3方面都优于其他4种算法。实验结果表明,双次Otsu算法对色彩目标的成熟荔枝识别的时间少于0.2 s。     

基于无线传感器网络的稻田信息实时监测系统

针对农田环境信息采集过程中监测周期长、环境干扰大等特点,设计了一种基于混合天线无线传感器网络稻田环境信息实时监测系统,采用分簇路由协议进行组网,为不同类型的节点配置不同类型的天线,并使用转台控制汇聚节点定向天线的方向,以扩大网络的覆盖范围和提高系统的稳定性。基于该系统进行长时间稻田组网试验,对网络丢包率和稻田环境参数采集准确性进行测试,试验结果表明,系统运行稳定、测量准确,网络数据平均丢包率为0.44%,稻田空气温度、空气相对湿度和土壤含水率的平均相对误差分别为0.26%、0.64%和0.33%。     

甘薯起垄机适应性试验与分析

京郊地区甘薯生产机械化技术落后,专用机具短缺。甘薯起垄机多为简易制作的起垄机或用其他起垄机具代替,起垄质量差,垄形不统一,影响甘薯生长,造成土地浪费。开展了甘薯起垄机适应性试验,筛选适宜京郊地区甘薯起垄作业的机型。选择1-QL型起垄机、1-GQL-2型起垄机和1-GKN-2型甘薯起垄机3种机型进行试验,检测结果表明,1-GQL-2和1-QL均可满足标准要求,1-QL适宜小型地块作业,1-GQL-2适宜大型地块作业。     

玉米精量播种机适应性试验与分析

玉米精量点播技术可提高玉米产量,省工节本,增加经济效益,而京郊地区此技术应用较少。为了在北京地区推广玉米精量播种技术,开展了玉米精量播种机适应性试验,明确适宜推广应用的播种机型。根据京郊地块特色选择库恩MAXIMA-6、迪尔1030-4和2BMF-4型玉米精量播种机参与试验,试验结果表明,3种机型均可达到NY/T 1628—2008《玉米免耕播种机作业质量》要求,库恩MAXIMA-6、迪尔1030-4适宜成方连片大型地块播种作业,2BMF-4适宜小型地块作业。     

基于流变和电特性的豆浆凝固过程动力学解析

凝固工序是豆腐生产的关键工序,直接影响豆腐的品质和得率。凝固温度和凝固时间是影响凝固工序的2个关键因素。为了分析凝固温度和时间对豆浆凝固过程的影响,研究了豆浆在凝固过程中流变特性的在线检测方法,采用电阻抗图谱法和动态流变法检测豆浆在凝固过程中电特性和流变特性的变化,建立了不同凝固温度下电特性和流变特性的关系模型。结果表明,电阻抗图谱法和动态流变法均能分析豆浆的凝固过程,其过程由两段一级反应组成且符合连续一级反应模型;第1段反应速率随着温度的增加而增大,是第2段反应速率的10多倍;根据电阻率、弹性模量和黏性模量计算得到活化能分别为17.82、112.90、53.72 k J/mol,表明豆浆在凝固过程中流变特性的变化受温度的影响更大。电特性测量提供了豆浆在凝固过程中流变特性的在线检测方法。     

基于ANSYS雾化喷嘴流场分析及参数优化

喷嘴是喷雾作业的终端件,也是核心部件之一。喷嘴的锥形面处是流场速度和压力变化的关键部位,喷嘴入口对喷嘴出口流量和速度有很大影响。为此,运用ANSYS软件模拟了液力式雾化喷嘴的内部流场和喷嘴外部雾化场雾滴分布和速度分布情况,对比分析了不同结构参数对喷嘴流场的影响,为喷嘴结构参数的合理选择提供了一定的参考。     

谷物联合收割机脱粒机机架模态分析

为分析谷物联合收割机脱粒机机架的振动特性,运用Pro/E软件建立机架的三维模型,并导入到ANSYS Workbench中进行模态分析,得到前6阶固有频率、振型特征云图与最大振动变形量,找到机架的薄弱环节,并将固有频率与外部激励加以对比,验证是否能有效避免共振发生。为后面产品设计与进一步的动力学分析奠定基础。     

基于MOSA算法的高压共轨喷油器多目标仿真优化设计

建立了高压共轨喷油器的Matlab/Simulink仿真模型,采用多目标模拟退火MOSA优化算法作为寻优策略,以针阀开启延迟和关闭延迟为目标函数进行高压共轨喷油器的关键结构参数多目标仿真优化设计。实验结果表明:优化后的高压共轨喷油器针阀开启延迟时间降低16.7%,达到0.25 ms;关闭延迟时间降低15.2%,达到0.78 ms。     

60Co-γ射线辐照剂量对生鲜草鱼肌肉品质的影响

以生鲜草鱼肌肉为材料,采用不同剂量的60Co-γ射线辐照处理草鱼肌肉,并测定辐照前后草鱼肌肉的品质,以研究60Co-γ射线辐照剂量对肌肉品质的影响。结果表明,随着辐照剂量的增加,草鱼肌肉中的细菌总数呈指数下降,肌肉中的含水量明显减少（p＜0.05）,而辐照剂量对鱼肉中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、碳水化合物和灰分含量无影响,辐照前后草鱼肌肉的饱和脂肪酸与不饱和脂肪酸总量无显著性差异。草鱼肌肉在0和2 kGy辐照其挥发性盐基态氮（TVB-N）值保持在一级鲜度,4～10 kGy剂量辐照保持在二级鲜度;辐照剂量的增加,使TBA值增大,草鱼肌肉产生刺激性气味加重,肌肉颜色逐渐由红色变为暗红色,肌肉组织表面逐渐变得不光滑。在低于8 kGy剂量的60Co-γ射线辐照对草鱼肌肉的品质影响不大。