农产品检测的漫射近似传输模型

目前,农产品光学无损检测正成为一种新的检测手段.采用漫射近似传输模型对大量光子在样品中的传输进行计算分析,获得农产品样品中光分布规律信息:散射性越强的介质,其光信号同侧检测越明显;同时看到光信号在2mm内急速衰减,而光纤正可以成为合适的探针.这些工作为合理设计无损检测的光探测器提供了理论依据.     

小型复式谷物清选机的研制

小型复式谷物清选机的研制是在市场有大量需求的前提下进行的.该机配用动力是1.5kW的单相交流电动机,机架的宽度尺寸是根据地排车下盘的尺寸和筛体的宽度尺寸确定的,筛选振频为420 Hz,振幅为6 mm,风机转速为910 r/min.该机主要待改进的部分是仓门由手动调节改为自动调节.     

转基因耐盐水稻研究

本文介绍了水稻耐盐转基因研究的意义,综述了目前应用于转基因水稻研究的耐盐基因种类和当前国内外耐盐转基因水稻的研究现状,并对耐盐转基因水稻的研究方向作了展望.     

杜仲对凡纳滨对虾生长、血清非特异性免疫和肌肉成分的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.0%(对照组)、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和3.0%的杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides), 饲喂体质量为(7.5±0.2) g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei), 实验共分5个处理组, 每处理组4个重复, 每重复40尾虾。经过42 d养殖, 各处理组均有较高的存活率, 且无显著差异(P>0.05); 2.0%杜仲组的虾体增重率最高(136.1%), 饲料系数最低(1.33), 较对照组提高增重率9.8%(P<0.05), 降低饲料系数0.13(P<0.05); 饲料中添加0.5%、1.0%杜仲, 显著提高了对虾血清LSZ、PO活性, 添加1.0%杜仲, 显著降低了血清MDA含量, 提高了肝胰腺蛋白酶活性(P<0.05); 攻毒实验结果表明, 以溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)肌肉注射虾体后96 h, 0.5%、1.0%、2.0%杜仲组的虾体死亡率均较对照组显著降低(P<0.05); 在肌肉成分方面, 添加2.0%、3.0%杜仲显著提高了肌肉胶原蛋白含量, 各处理在肌肉水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量方面没有显著差异。上述研究表明, 在凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加杜仲2.0%, 可显著改善生产性能, 提高肌肉胶原蛋白含量; 在饲料中添加杜仲0.5%～1.0%, 可提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫能力。本研究旨在考察杜仲对凡纳滨对虾生长、血清非特异性免疫和肌肉成分的影响, 为杜仲在对虾饲料中的合理应用提供科学依据。

     

Design and development of a geothermal temperature control system for broodstock management of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

A control system was designed to raise and maintain water temperatures within 0.03-ha earthen ponds to a range conducive for spawning (24–30 °C) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Heating was done during February 2001 to April 2001, when temperatures would have otherwise prohibited spawning (<24 °C). Temperature was increased from 10 °C (ambient) by 2 °C per day, and maintained at 27 °C, by the addition of geothermally warmed water (36 °C). The control system substantially increased the controllability and precision of heating ponds compared to manual operation. Systems were designed to control sets of four ponds. In designing this control system, consideration of biological constraints was essential. Reproduction in channel catfish is most strongly influenced by temperature. Because cold fronts are common during the winter and early spring (January–March), it was essential to ensure that pond temperatures did not fall below the range for spawning. Constraints on the heating rate and temperature variability to maintain fish health and stimulate spawning behavior were considered. Components of the control system included temperature measurement devices (type-T thermocouples), a central electronic control unit, electronic switches and electrically actuated ball valves. In response to the temperature sensed by each thermocouple, the controller sent a message to close or open the valve. When the valve was opened, warm water was added to the pond to increase the average pond temperature. Hardware and algorithm design and initial system testing were the major components of this project. The final design incorporated information on relevant biological parameters and safety features including peak pond temperature, independent aeration and water pressure control mechanisms. Initial results indicate successful control of this biological system, and ongoing studies suggest similar mechanisms may be used for additional control objectives. In particular, this system could be used to vary pond temperatures to study biological responses and to cool ponds by addition of well water during summer months.     

The effects of straw return on potassium fertilization rate and time in the rice–wheat rotation

In order to investigate the effects of straw return on potassium (K) fertilizer application rate and time in the rice–wheat rotation, field experiments were conducted at three sites. The results showed that when the K rate was decreased to 70% of the recommended K dosage, crop yields showed no significant decrease. With K fertilization only at rice phase, crop yields showed no marked difference compared with that provided K fertilizer both at wheat and rice seasons. Though the NH₄OAc-extracted K and HNO₃-extracted K differed slightly among the treatments, the soil apparent K balance was negative without K fertilization. With crop straw fully incorporated, the recommended K dosage could be at least reduced by 30% at the experimental sites and the K fertilizer could be applied only at rice phase. A further hypothesis can be made that the best K rate was the amount of K took away by crop grain. In the long run, straw return combined with K fertilization would be an effective method to maintain soil K fertility and productivity.     

基于SWAT模型的气候变化下水文响应分析——以福建省长汀县朱溪小流域为例

本文以长汀县河田地区朱溪小流域为研究区,基于多年的气象、水文数据及高程数据模型、土地利用图、土壤类型图等,构建朱溪小流域SWAT模型。本文在假设下垫面条件不变的情况下应用假定气候情景法,通过改变日最高、最低气温值和逐日降雨量值构建15种不同的气候条件情景定量模拟分析气候变化对朱溪小流域径流的影响。研究结果表明:降水和温度的变化共同影响着朱溪小流域的产流过程,朱溪小流域的径流量与降雨量呈现正相关关系,与气温呈现负相关关系;相对于温度变化对朱溪小流域径流的影响,降雨量对于研究区径流量的影响更大。     

ZSM-5催化生物质三组分和松木热解生物油组分分析

为了更清晰地研究三大组分(纤维素、木聚糖、木质素)在介孔ZSM-5参与下的催化热解过程,该研究首先对生物质的三大基本组分和云南松木粉进行热解,然后在介孔ZSM-5催化剂存在的条件下对微晶纤维素、木聚糖、碱性木质素三大组分和云南松进行催化热解。采用气质联用仪对生物油的化学组分进行分析。通过对比ZSM-5参与前后的生物油的主要化学组分的变化,对催化剂的催化机理进行探究。研究结果表明,催化热解过程中,介孔ZSM-5将纤维素直接热解得到的β-D阿洛糖、糠醛、3-丙基戊二酸和2,4-戊二烯酸转化为1-甲基萘、2,6-二甲基萘,纤维素催化热解得到的生物油中的芳烃含量为63.89%。半纤维素催化热解过程中,催化剂将生物油中的糠醛从67.78%降低为2.66%,有效提高芳烃化合物,包括萘、2-甲基萘的含量,催化热解后得到的生物油中总芳烃含量达到36.81%。木质素催化热解过程中,介孔ZSM-5有效降低生物油中2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚的量(从82.33%降至77.97%),并大幅地提高1,8-二甲基萘和1,7-二甲基萘的量,生物油中总芳烃相对含量达到14.14%。云南松催化热解过程中,催化剂有效降低云南松直接热解得到生物油中2-甲氧基-4-甲基苯酚和(Z)-异丁子香酚的含量,并将芳烃化合物总量提高到53.99%(主要是1-甲基萘、1-亚甲基-1氢-茚和2,6-二甲基萘)。随着催化剂使用次数的增加,生物油中含氧化合物相对含量增加,烃类化合物的相对含量明显降低,从53.99%降至43.32%,元素分析结果表明生物油中的碳含量逐渐减少,氧含量逐渐增加。但是,催化剂经过焙烧再生后,催化活性基本完全恢复。     

砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物及林下土壤持水特性

为了探究砒砂岩区不同造林树种水文特征,以该地区油松、侧柏、青杨、山杏、沙棘、柠条为研究对象,通过浸泡法和环刀法,对比分析了不同树种枯落物层和土壤层的持水特性。结果表明:砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物蓄积量变动范围为1.55~7.89t/hm~2,青杨林下枯落物最大持水率最高为281.26%,其他树种枯落物最大持水率依次为油松(217.14%)、侧柏(201.05%)、山杏(202.79%)、沙棘(170.96%)、柠条(158.08%)撂荒地(143.88%)。油松林下土壤层容重最小为1.46g/cm3,总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度最大分别为43.55%和36.99%,毛管持水量最大为14.50mm;山杏林下土壤非毛管孔隙度最大为13.12%,非毛管持水量最大为6.86mm。油松枯落物及其林下土壤层持水能力良好,更适宜作为砒砂岩地区植被建设树种。     

Specific Responses of Soil Microbial Residue Carbon to Long-Term Mineral Fertilizer Applications to Reddish Paddy Soils

Mineral nutrient inputs to soil may alter microbial activity and consequently influence the accumulation of microbial residues. In this study, we investigated the effects of application rates and ratios of mineral fertilizers on the microbial residue carbon(MRC) of reddish paddy soils after long-term(15-year) fertilizer applications in southern China. Contents of three soil amino sugars as microbial residue contents were determined and MRC were calculated based on amino sugars. Results showed that three individual amino sugar contents increased as fertilizer application rates increased until maximum values were reached at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). The three amino sugar contents then declined significantly under the highest mineral fertilizer application rate of 675-88-280 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). In addition, to enhance the microbial residue contents, it was more beneficial to double P(N:P:K= 1:0.26:0.41) in fertilizers applied to the P-deficient reddish paddy soils than to double either N(N:P:K = 2:0.13:0.41) or K(N:P:K= 1:0.13:0.82). The contents of the three individual amino sugars and microbial residues under different fertilizer application rates and ratios were significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon(SOC), total N, total P, and p H. Increases in values of the fungal C to bacterial C ratios showed that soil organic matter(SOM) stability increased because of the fertilizer applications over the past 15 years. The contents and ratios of amino sugars can be used as indicators to evaluate the impact of mineral fertilizer applications on SOM dynamics in subtropical paddy soils. The results indicated that fertilizer applications at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K) may improve crop yields, SOC contents, and SOC stability in subtropical paddy soils.