糯小麦的开发和应用研究进展

旨在总结糯小麦的应用现状,分析制约糯小麦推广应用的关键问题,为糯小麦规模化推广应用提供参考。在糯小麦理化特性方面,重点简述糯小麦的淀粉构成及糊化特性;在糯小麦应用方面,主要对其在食品加工及其他工业生产领域的应用研究进行概述。其中,在食品改良方面,添加少量糯小麦可提升食品的口感和货架期,尤其在冷冻食品中具有独特优势;在酒精工业中,添加糯小麦可明显提升酒精转化率和白酒口感;此外,糯小麦可作为一种新材料,在新型食品开发、造纸、医药等众多工业生产领域有良好的应用潜力。糯小麦淀粉特性优异,在众多领域拥有广阔的应用前景,但目前有关糯小麦在食品加工中的应用价值研究尚未达成一致结果,且尚未见其大面积推广和成功用于商业应用的报道,这些均有待进一步研究。     

黑龙江省小麦品质区划及优质高效生产技术

由于黑龙江省地理条件和气候特点差异明显,各麦产区之间的小麦生态环境也大不相同。根据各麦区的自然条件、耕作栽培特点和生产水平可分为三个生态区,即北部高寒冷凉区、东部湿润区和中、南部早熟干旱高温区。同时对不同生态区的范围、生态环境状况、小麦品质的形成特点和适宜种植的品种类型进行了评述,并形成一套优质强筋小麦高效生产技术体系。     

基于图像消冗与CenterNet的稻飞虱识别分类方法

为了实现对不同稻飞虱的快速准确识别,同时防止同一姿态下的同一只昆虫被重复计数,提出一种将图像消冗与CenterNet网络相结合的识别分类方法。首先利用自主设计的田间昆虫采集装置,自动获取昆虫图像并制作数据集。其次,将CenterNet算法与图像消冗算法相结合,选用深层特征融合网络(Deep layer aggregation, DLA)作为主干网络来提取昆虫的特征,并进行识别分类。将本文方法与经典机器学习和深度学习模型进行对比,实验结果表明,对于田间昆虫采集装置获取到的相似度较高的活体图像,本文方法不仅能够快速处理昆虫图像,而且能够成功解决昆虫重复检测的问题,平均精度均值为88.1%,检测速率为42.9f/s,无论是精度还是处理速度本文方法都具有较明显优势。该研究有效地完成了对3种主要稻飞虱的识别分类,对不同时间段采集到的昆虫表现出良好的泛化能力,可用于后期水稻害虫暴发的智能预警和测报。     

提高红曲霉发酵产品Monacolin K含量的研究

采用物理、化学及生物的方法均能有效提高红曲产品Monacolin K的含量。其中,UV和LiCl复合诱变Monascus purpureusZZ红曲菌,获得Monacolin K的含量比对照高3倍,其诱变和原始出发株的液体摇瓶发酵单位分别是219.9μg/mL和65.4μg/mL;采用优质大米培养基质及优化发酵培养条件使其Monascus purpureusGX红曲菌发酵的红曲米Monacolin K含量高达14.54 mg/g,比对照2.65 mg/g提高近6倍;尤其在红曲培养过程中添加真菌激发子,一种担子菌的无性型液体发酵物Hxa能明显提高Monascus purpureusZZ液态及固态发酵产品Monacolin K含量达1330.4μg/mL和34.99 mg/g,分别为原始出发株65.4μg/mL和2.48 mg/g的20倍和17倍。     

Spatial variation in organic carbon, nutrients and microbial biomass contents of paddy soils in a hilly red soil region

The contents of soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), total P (TP), dissolved N (D_N), Olsen-P, and microbial biomass C, N, P (B_C, B_N, B_P) of 254 paddy soils (0–18 cm in depth) in a hilly red soil region of subtropical zone of China were studied. The results showed that the contents of SOC, TN, B_C, B_N and D_N of paddy soils at the bottom of hills were 14.6%, 13.6%, 24.6%, 20.4% and 95.8% higher than those at the foothill, respectively. The Olsen-P content of paddy soils at the foothill was 33.3% higher than that at the bottom of hills. However, the differences in TP, B_P and available P (the sum of B_P and Olsen-P) contents were not significant between the two positions. In addition, the ratios of soil C/P, B_C/B_P and B_C/SOC of paddy soils at the bottom of hills were 12.7%, 28.5% and 8.2% higher than those at the foothill, respectively, but the differences in ratios of soil C/N, B_C/B_N, B_N/TN and B_P/TP were not statistically significant between various positions. __________ Translated from Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2007, 13(1): 15–21 [译自: 植物营养与肥料学报]     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域不同洪水类型侵蚀输沙效应

不同降雨-径流格局下的土壤侵蚀响应是土壤侵蚀规律研究中的基本关系之一,以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域岔巴沟的一级支沟蛇家沟为例,分析了不同洪水类型驱动下的小流域侵蚀输沙过程。以蛇家沟水文站1961—1969年记录的45次洪水事件为数据基础,选取洪水历时、次洪水径流深和洪峰流量作为洪水径流过程的特征指标,运用K均值聚类和判别分析相结合的方法,将全部洪水事件划分为3种类型。其中,A型洪水具有短历时、小径流、低变率和中洪峰的特点,是最为普遍的类型。B型洪水具有中历时、中径流、中变率和小洪峰的特点,发生频率居中。C型洪水具有长历时、大径流、高变率、大洪峰的特点,发生频率最低。洪水历时是决定洪水类型的主要因素。不同洪水类型下的输沙模数、平均含沙量及最大含沙量由大到小依次分别为:C、B、A;C、A、B;C、A、B;但其差异并不显著(P0.1)。蛇家沟小流域的水沙关系趋于稳定,径流含沙量的变化可用流量的对数函数进行描述。在径流量保持一致的情况下,不同洪水类型驱动下的输沙模数相对大小(A∶B∶C)为1∶0.93∶1.22。当洪水历时延长1.7倍时,其增沙作用达到极大值,输沙模数最大增幅为22%。研究结果可为流域洪水类型划分、全面科学评估径流调控及利用的水土保持效益提供有益参考。     

泸州市烟草黑胫病发生规律与防治初探

采用田间系统调查和普查的方法,对四川省泸州市烟草黑胫病的发生规律进行了初步研究。结果表明:烟草黑胫病主要发生在团棵期至采收期,发生程度达1～2级(轻发生至中等偏轻发生);5～6月份的降雨有利于烟草黑胫病的发生。另外,笔者就烟草黑胫病的防治提出了一些建议。     

Responses of soil respiration and its components to drought stress

Purpose

Climate change is likely to increase both intensity and frequency of drought stress. The responses of soil respiration (R _s) and its components (root respiration, R _r; mycorrhizal respiration, R _m; and heterotrophic respiration, R _h) to drought stress can be different. This work aims to review the recent and current literature about the variations in R _s during the period of drought stress, to explore potential coupling processes and mechanisms between R _s and driving factors in the context of global climate change.

Results and discussion

The sensitivity of soil respiration and its components to drought stress depended on the ecosystems and seasonality. Drought stress depressed R _s in mesic and xeric ecosystems, while it stimulated R _s in hydric ecosystems. The reductions in supply and availability of substrate decreased both auto- and heterotrophic respirations, leading to the temporal decoupling of root and mycorrhizal respiration from canopy photosynthesis as well as C allocation. Drought stress also reduced the diffusion of soluble C substrate, and activities of extracellular enzymes, consequently, limited microbial activity and reduced soil organic matter decomposition. Drought stress altered Q ₁₀ values and broke the coupling between temperature and soil respiration. Under drought stress conditions, R _m is generally less sensitive to temperature than R _r and R _h. Elevated CO₂ concentration alleviated the negative effect of drought stress on soil respiration, principally due to the promotion of plant C assimilation subsequently, which increased substrate supply for respiration in both roots and soil microorganisms. Additionally, rewetting stimulated soil respiration dramatically in most cases, except for soil that experienced extreme drought stress periods. The legacy of drought stress can also regulate the response of soil respiration rate to rewetting events in terrestrial ecosystems through changing abiotic drivers and microbial community structure.

Conclusions and perspectives

There is increasing evidence that drought stress can result in the decoupling of the above- and belowground processes, which are associated with soil respiration. However, studies on the variation in rates of soil respiration and its components under different intensities and frequencies of drought stress over the ecosystems should be reinforced. Meanwhile, molecular phylogenetics and functional genomics should be applied to link microbial ecology to the process of R _s. In addition, we should quantify the relationship between soil respiration and global change parameters (such as warming and elevated [CO₂]) under drought stress. Models simulating the rates of soil respiration and its components under global climate change and drought stress should also be developed.     

中国传统民本思想及其现实意义

民本思想是中国古代治国的基本指导思想，在民和天、民和国、民和君的关系问题上，明确提出的“民为神主”、“民为邦本”、“民贵君轻”等朴素唯物主义观点，对于我党坚持群众路线，加强自身建设，加快社会主义民主政治建设具有重要的现实意义。     

油料植物红皮糙果茶与油茶叶片光合特性研究

为探明油料植物红皮糙果茶（Camellia crapnelliana Tutcher）光合作用日变化体征,为其科学栽培提供理论依据, 采用Licor-6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定红皮糙果茶和油茶（Camellia oleifera L.）的光合生理特性及环境因子的日变化,并进行分析研究。结果表明,在晴天条件下红皮糙果茶净光合速率曲线呈双峰状,自9:10至13:10期间有一个长达4 h的高效光合平台期（19.7～20.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）,最大值为20.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。气孔导度日变化与油茶相似呈单峰曲线于13:10达到峰值0.22 mmol·m^-2·s^-1,但其蒸腾速率整体高于油茶。油茶无明显光合“午休”现象,净光合速率最大值出现在中午11:10,为20.1 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。相比之下红皮糙果茶光合作用时间较长,总光合产率较高。