不同添加剂对苜蓿青贮饲料品质的影响

利用糖蜜、甲酸、乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂分别或共同对 2种不同含水率的苜蓿进行了青贮调制试验 ,结果表明 :不同添加剂处理的苜蓿 1(含水率 71%～ 73% )和苜蓿 2 (含水率 6 2 %～ 6 4 % )青贮饲料的等级均为良好 ,且发酵品质均比对照组有所提高。糖蜜使苜蓿 1和苜蓿 2青贮饲料乳酸与总酸质量比分别提高 4 7%和 32 % ,NDF降解率分别提高 10 %和 2 2 % ;乳酸菌制剂降低了青贮饲料中乳酸含量 ,提高了乙酸含量 ,使NDF降解率分别比对照组提高 2 6 %和 18% ;酶制剂提高了动物的消化率 ;乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂共同作用使乳酸与总酸质量比分别降低了37%和 39% ,同时提高了动物消化率和青贮饲料的营养价值 ;甲酸处理使饲料中乙酸与总酸质量比分别降低了31%和 2 5 % ,NDF降解率分别提高了 19%和 14 % ,并在一定程度上抑制了蛋白质和氨基酸的分解。糖蜜有效抑制了苜蓿 1青贮饲料的二次发酵 ,但苜蓿 2青贮饲料的发酵品质显著优于苜蓿 1(P <0 0 5 )。     

利用人工口腔来客观评定猪肉多汁性的新方法

研制两种人工口腔模型（ＡＭＡ和ＡＭＢ）用于度量猪肉的多汁性。人工口腔由海绵舌和人工牙组成。肉样方水浴后在一定压力下被人工口腔咬合Ｉｓ由这种咬合导致的肉汁损失量用作猪肉多汁性的工量。根据３０个猪背最长肌胸段随机查本测定结果,ＡＭＢ型人工口腔在加压４００Ｎ时对肉样的度量值能达到最佳重复率（０．８５）,并与主观度量的多汁性形成最强的相关。此外,ＡＭＢ型人工口腔对肉样的度量值与肉质参数的相关程度要高于主观     

淮南麻黄鸡的提纯选择

淮南麻黄鸡原始群10只公鸡与75只母鸡交配所得子一代杂色羽率33.25%,白耳率7.27%,杂色喙率和杂色脚率分别只有3.64%和4.15%。表明原始群羽色基因纯合程度很低,耳色基因纯合程度较低,而喙、脚色基因纯合程度较高。经提纯选择后得予二、三代上述四个外貌性状分离比率分别降低到24.05%、0、2.75%、3.09%和17.25%、0、1.92%、2.24%。     

同龄纯林下层抚育间伐后林分直径分布数字特征值的预估研究

根据同龄纯林及下层抚育间伐的特点,利用正态分布函数分别得出了伐前林分、间伐木、保留木的算术平均胸径、胸径方差、平方平均胸径及各径阶株数的计算公式。通过实例对预估结果进行了精度计算,结果表明,在株数间伐强度为22%～47%时算术平均胸径、径阶株数、平方平均胸径预估效果都较好,在伐前林分、保留木预估中其精度满足规划调查中相应调查因子允许误差的A类精度要求。     

余甘子精粉的体外抗氧化活性分析

The antioxidant activities in vitro of refined powder of Phyllanthus emblica L. were detected by methods based on chemical measurement and cell modeling. The results of anti-peroxidation ability and iron reduction ability trials showed that the refined powder of P. emblica L. had strong ability of anti-peroxidation, and it increased with the increasing of concentration with a clear dose-response relationship. When the concentration reached 800 μg·mL^-1, the ability of anti-peroxidation was almost equal to the positive control VC with the same concentration. Meanwhile, it also had iron reduction ability that accompanied by significant dose-response relationship. By in vitro cell culture method, H₂O₂ was used to induce SH-SY5Y cells damages to establish the cell model of oxidative damage. The author detected the effect of different concentrations of powder on cell survival rate for the model cells by MTT assay. The results indicated that refined powder could show better protective effect to oxidative damaged SH-SY5Y cells in the range of 600 1 200 μg·mL^-1. When the concentration reached 1 200 μg·mL^-1, the cell survival rate was the highest and refined powder exhibited the best antioxidant activity. Both methods proved the strong antioxidant activities of refined powder of P. emblica L. in vitro.     

不同氮源及微生物菌剂能提高油茶壳堆肥效果

为有效利用农林废弃物,开展对油茶壳堆肥效果的腐熟剂配方筛选试验。本研究利用正交试验设计将氮源和微生物菌剂进行混配成不同的处理,分别添加到油茶壳中进行堆沤发酵,使之腐熟后成为育苗基质。观察不同时间油茶壳腐熟的颜色、气味变化,测定腐熟过程中pH值、电导率(EC)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、C/N比等指标,对比分析添加不同氮源和微生物菌剂对油茶壳的腐熟效果,筛选出对油茶壳堆沤效果较好的腐熟剂配比。结果表明,在油茶壳堆体中添加氮源和微生物菌剂能加速堆体温度的升高,提高堆肥的肥料品质,有效促进种苗的生长发育。氮源是影响油茶壳腐熟发酵的主要因素,尿素比硫酸铵腐熟效果好,EM菌比酵素菌更能有效地促进油茶壳腐熟,C/N比为25∶1,比30∶1更容易腐熟。相比其他的氮源和微生物菌剂的处理,尿素+EM菌的组合对油茶壳的堆沤腐熟效果较好,成本低廉,能满足园林的育苗要求,可作为试验材料进行田间应用技术的研究与推广。本研究为进一步探索油茶壳堆肥腐殖化技术,为农林废弃物循环再利用和降低苗木栽培成本提供理论依据和技术指导。     

咸水膜下滴灌频率对土壤表层水盐环境的影响

为了更好地指导干旱区农业生产,利用地下咸水进行了膜下滴灌频率试验,设3种滴灌频率,即1次/24 h(T1)、1次/48 h(T2)和1次/72 h(T3),探讨了相同灌水量下不同滴灌频率对土壤表层水盐环境的影响。结果表明,(1)T2处理浅层土壤含水率高于T1和T3处理0.5%~1.0%,且试验后期形成面积和深度均大于T1和T3处理的;(2)土壤电导率在整个试验过程中呈增加趋势,T2处理土壤电导率增长幅度相对较小,土壤返盐程度较小;(3)土壤p H值在试验中期增大,试验后期减小,表层土壤p H值达8.5左右;(4)土壤表层各盐分离子量在试验期间的增加程度远小于土壤结冻期;土壤表层重碳酸根离子量在试验后期超过120.0 mg/kg,土壤总碱度增大,土壤存在碱化趋势。因此,滴灌频率1次/48 h可为作物提供比较适宜的土壤表层水盐环境,可作为民勤绿洲咸水滴灌频率参考值;同时,使用咸水滴灌后,绿洲土壤存在明显碱化趋势,因此还需采取其他灌排措施减弱土壤次生盐渍化。     

基于改进欧拉算法的双吸离心泵泥沙磨损特性研究

固液两相流算法对双吸离心泵泥沙磨损模拟精度有直接影响。采用改进的固液两相流欧拉算法,考虑了相间阻力和泥沙扩散系数两方面因素,对典型悬移质泥沙粒径条件下的双吸离心泵流场进行了数值计算。研究发现,叶片表面湍流强度在头部和尾部较大,可达6%~10%;叶片头部和尾部的颗粒动态尺度大于中部。由湍流强度和颗粒动态尺度组成的湍动尺度效应,在叶片头部和尾部表现强烈,湍动尺度效应使固液相间阻力增大,更有利于颗粒的扩散,避免了颗粒聚集,对大颗粒的作用强于小颗粒。湍动尺度效应导致叶片表面固相体积分数分布范围减小,大颗粒的变化值大于小颗粒,叶片头部和尾部的改变值大于中部,叶片表面的严重磨损部位为叶片工作面尾部的块状磨损区,这比采用传统算法得到的带状磨损区和偏磨区计算结果,更符合离心泵实际磨损情况,考虑湍动尺度效应后得到的磨损率也有所增大。在此基础上,提出了双吸离心泵叶片水力设计和表面喷涂防护原则,为提高双吸离心泵抵抗泥沙磨损能力奠定了基础。     

生物炭吸附水体中重金属机理与工艺研究进展

生物炭因其良好的表面特性和孔隙结构,广泛的原料来源和广阔的产业化发展前景,已成为当今环境、农业和能源等领域的研究热点。针对生物炭对水体重金属的吸附研究,本文基于生物炭原料和制备工艺的多样性,综合分析了国内外生物炭重金属吸附机理的研究成果,详细阐述、分析了5种吸附作用机制(物理吸附、静电作用、离子交换、络合反应和化学沉淀)及其相关表征手段;同时评述了吸附工艺条件和重金属种类对生物炭吸附重金属的影响;指出生物炭重金属吸附领域未来的研究中,应开展针对重金属吸附的生物炭原料特性及吸附产物的多维、微纳尺度表征方法研究。     

Modern eolian and fluvial processes and their interactions in an ephemeral desert stream in Inner Mongolia,China

Purpose

Floods and eolian activities are the dominant external agents to shape the topographic forms in ephemeral desert streams of drylands. So far, few studies have discussed the modern processes of eolian–fluvial interactions. To bridge this gap, we studied the modern interactions of eolian and fluvial process in a desert ephemeral river, the Maobula Gully in Inner Mongolia, which exhibits typical eolian–fluvial interactions.

Materials and methods

Multisource data such as integrated particle size data, hydrological data from the Tugerige Hydrological Station, high-spatial-resolution satellite images, and an eolian sediment saltation emission model were integrated to analyze the effects of eolian and fluvial delivery to the sediment on the riverbed, the eolian sediment feeding rate to the gully, the transport of sediment in flood events, and the interactions between eolian and fluvial processes.

Results and discussion

The desert reach of the Maobula Gully is a replacement reach between coarse sediment from the upper reaches and eolian sediment from the Kubuqi Desert. The annual eolian sediment feeding into the gully exhibited a significant decreasing trend. The eolian sediment into the gully increases the available sediment and the bed roughness, affecting the transport of sediment during floods. The sediment concentration and yields in flood events are mainly decided by the discharge and water yield, respectively. Through a comparison of the channel forms between 1970 and 2013, a recovery mechanism in the Maobula Gully was identified, which involves the equilibrium state between abrupt flood erosion and continuous dune migration.

Conclusions

This study analyzed the modern processes of eolian and fluvial processes and their interactions in a typical ephemeral desert stream named the Maobula Gully, and some interesting results were found. We believe that the methodology and results could provide references and evidence for understanding the mechanisms of fluvial and eolian interactions in other ephemeral desert streams around the world.