小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体粒度分布特征及对氮素的响应

为了给小麦品质改良提供依据,以强筋小麦品种藁城8901和弱筋小麦品种山农1391为材料,设置不同氮素水平,研究了籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)颗粒粒径分布特征及对氮素水平的响应.结果表明,小麦籽粒GMP颗粒粒径范围为0.375～200 μm.GMP颗粒体积分布总体上呈双峰曲线变化,＜12 μm的GMP颗粒体积百分比为11.2％～45％,＞12 μm的GMP颗粒体积百分比为55.0％～88.8％.与弱筋小麦山农1391相比,强筋小麦藁城8901有较高比例的＞12 μm颗粒.GMP颗粒数目分布表现为单峰分布,＜4 μm和＜12 μm的颗粒数目百分比分别为97.5％～98.0％和99.9％,表明小麦GMP颗粒中绝大多数为＜4 μm的小颗粒.在施氮0～240 kg·hm-2范围内,随着施氮量的增加,＜12 μm颗粒体积百分比显著降低,12～90 μm、＞90 μm颗粒体积百分比增加,说明适量施氮能够显著提高GMP大、中颗粒比例.过量氮素不利于小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体的形成.     

豆粕生物肽的生产工艺研究

通过菌种筛选、摇瓶发酵条件优化,系统地研究了微生物发酵生产豆粕生物肽的工艺。结果表明:枯草芽胞杆菌为最佳菌株,其豆粕生物肽最佳生产工艺条件为:种子培养时间16 h,豆粕粒度40目,初始pH6.8,葡萄糖2%,豆粕11%,接种量6%,发酵时间48 h;在此工艺条件下蛋白质降解为多肽的得率为41.18%。     

四川辣椒炭疽病菌鉴定及育种材料抗性筛选

四川省西充县发现1种严重危害辣椒果实的辣椒炭疽病,造成部分田块绝收.田间调查发现,此病菌既能危害未熟果也能危害红熟果,但未危害叶片或茎干.在果实上病斑圆形,长椭圆形或不规则.在实验室PSA培养基上菌落圆形,边缘整齐,粉红色或橙色,无孢子堆,无菌核,分生孢子盘无刚毛.分生孢子单生,梭形,大小11.703 ～13.657 μm×3.074～4.773μm,附着胞圆形或长椭圆形,褐色,大小为3.985 ～6.633 μm×3.954 ～6.170μm.菌株rDNA ITS的PCR产物经测序后进行BLAST比对分析,结果显示,此菌株的ITS序列与尖孢刺盘孢Colletotrichum acutatum(有性阶段为尖孢小丛壳Glomerella acutata)的相似性达99％,结合培养性状的观察及rDNA ITS序列分析,确定其为尖孢刺盘孢(C.acutatum),是四川省内首次报道C.acutatum危害辣椒果实的.以该菌为菌源,对60份辣椒材料进行了抗病性鉴定,结果显示所有的材料中仅有4份抗病,14份耐病,剩余的均是感病材料,未发现高抗和免疫的材料.     

中国“槟榔黄化病”研究40年——病原、防控措施新进展

自1981年海南省屯昌县首次发现槟榔黄化病（yellow leaf disease of areca palm, YLD）以来,槟榔黄化问题日趋严重,现已成为制约中国槟榔产业可持续发展的最重要的因素。同时,鉴于生产中除槟榔黄化病外,炭疽病、细菌性叶斑病、椰心叶甲、干旱等一些其他因素也可引起槟榔黄化,以及“槟榔黄化病”病原或病因认识上存在混淆的问题,学界暂用“槟榔黄化现象”的表述。近年来,针对上述问题开展了一系列深入研究并取得突破性进展。本文首先简要回顾了中国槟榔黄化病的发生及病原方面的研究进展,介绍了另一种致黄关键新病害——由槟榔隐症病毒1（Areca palm velarivirus 1, APV1）引起的槟榔黄叶病毒病（areca palm leaf yellowing virus disease, ALYVD）,以及其他2种新发现的病毒病害——槟榔坏死环斑病毒病和槟榔坏死环斑病毒病的研究进展。对6个示范基地的病原检测结果表明,部分黄化植株被槟榔黄化植原体（areca palm yellow leaf phytoplasma, AYLP）或APV1单独感染,部分植株被AYLP和APV1复合感染。本文还探讨了槟榔黄化病研究中存在的病原分布不均、含量低引起的检测困难和田间诊断易混淆等问题,并对YLD、ALYVD、叶斑类病害、根腐病害、芽腐病、椰心叶甲、干旱、寒害、除草剂药害等9类因子引起的黄化症状特征进行了总结。进而分析了YLD和ALYVD 防控中存在的问题以及现阶段面临的紧迫形势,从防控策略和具体措施解读了《槟榔“黄化病“防控明白纸》,并指出了其有待进一步完善之处及防控中亟待解决的问题。最后,展望了YLD和ALYVD 2种致黄关键病害综合防控中亟待实施的措施。本文旨在让广大科研工作者和农技人员更好地了解槟榔“黄化病”方面的最新成果。     

Six New Diterpene Glycosides from the Soft Coral Lemnalia bournei

A chemical study on the extracts of soft coral Lemnalia bournei resulted in the isolation and identification of six new bicyclic diterpene glycosides including three new lemnaboursides E–G (1–3), and three new lemnadiolboursides A–C (4–6), along with three known lemnaboursides (7–9). Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis, ECD analysis, chemical methods, and comparison with the literature data. Lemnadiolboursides A–C (4–6) contained a lemnal-1(10)-ene-7,12-diol moiety compared with the lemnaboursides. All these compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity; cell growth inhibition of A549, Hela, HepG2, and CCRF-CEM cancer cell lines; and inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages. The results indicated that compounds 1, 2, and 4–6 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis (MIC 4–16 μg/mL); compounds 1–9 displayed low cytotoxicity on the CCRF-CEM cell lines (IC₅₀ 10.44–27.40 µM); and compounds 1, 2, and 5 showed weak inhibition against LPS-induced NO production (IC₅₀ 21.56–28.06 μM).     

水稻叶片氮含量与荧光参数的关系

在3个供氮水平和2个水稻品种(华粳2号和武香粳9号）的田间试验条件下,测试分析了不同处理水稻顶部4张完全展开叶片氮含量及对应的荧光参数。不同供氮水平的水稻叶片氮含量和荧光参数差异明显,均随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势。叶片荧光参数随生育期推迟呈抛物线型变化,以抽穗期为界先上升后下降,直到成熟期降为最低。叶片荧光参数随不同叶位的变化规律为：顶1叶>顶2叶>顶3叶>顶4叶。同一水稻品种各叶位叶片氮含量分别与荧光参数呈极显著相关,且华粳2号的相关性高于武香粳9号。综合水稻品种的不同叶位,叶片氮含量与荧光参数ΦPSⅡ、qP均呈良好的线性相关。基于ΦPSⅡ和qP宜采用不同的回归方程来反演不同叶位叶片氮含量。因此,荧光参数ΦPSⅡ和qP有可能用来估算水稻叶片氮含量。     

Effects of dietary live or heat‐inactivated autochthonous Bacillus pumilus SE5 on growth performance,immune responses and immune gene expression in grouper Epinephelus coioides

To evaluate the possible dietary application of live and heat‐inactivated probiotic Bacillus pumilus SE5 in grouper Epinephelus coioides, juveniles (14.6 ± 0.2 g) were fed either a basal control diet (without probiotic) or the basal diet supplemented with 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU g^?1 live (T1) and heat‐inactivated B. pumilus SE5 (T2). The heat‐inactivated probiotic significantly improved the final weight, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) at day 60 and significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) at day 30 and 60, while the viable probiotic significantly decreased the FCR at day 60 (P < 0.05). Phagocytic activity, serum complement C3 and IgM levels as well as SOD activity elevated significantly in fish fed the heat‐inactivated probiotic for 60 days (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the heat‐inactivated probiotic remarkably up‐regulated expression of TLR2 and pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐8 and IL‐1β) in head kidney (P < 0.05), but the viable probiotic failed to do so. These results indicated that heat‐inactivated B. pumilus SE5 can effectively improve the growth performance and immune responses of E. coioides.     

鳜鱼和奥利亚罗非血乳酸脱氢酶酶谱的比较

哺乳类动物各种组织和器官的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶较稳定,酶带分布非常有规律,同源组织的LDH同工酶酶谱通常相似和稳定。鱼类LDH同工酶复杂得多,有三分之二品种中,其LDH同工酶类似哺乳类动物的酶谱;但在其余三分之一种类中,两个亚基随机结合受到限制,出现了不规则酶谱,有的只有2—3条酶带,有的超过5条酶带。即使具有5条酶带的鱼中,其骨骼肌和心肌LDH在电泳酶谱上迁移快慢正好与哺乳类动物相反。此外鱼类C基因产物并不特定在某一组织或器官中,一些鱼的     

青藏高原景观多样性和生物遗传多样性

青藏高原独特的景观和生物资源遗传多样性是藏民族物质文明的戢体和精神文明的传承者。本文综述了青藏高原的成因、生物资源遗传多样性和景观多样性。