应用夏洛莱、利木辛肉牛开展三元杂交效果试验

经过20年的努力，凉州区黄牛改良工作取得了显著的成效，黄牛冻配点由最初的10个发展到现在的145个，年授配母牛3万头。为建立适合凉州区的最佳肉牛生产模式，进一步提高该区肉牛生产水平，凉州区从1998年开始，引入夏洛莱、利木辛、德国黄牛、皮埃蒙特等著名肉牛品种与当地西杂母牛进行三元经济杂交，取得了较好的效果。我们于2000年9月20日至2001年1月6日，在凉州区新华乡开展了应用夏洛莱、利木辛肉牛分别与当地西杂牛三元杂交效果试验。现将结果报告如下。     

南阳牛IGF2基因第2外显子多态性及其与生长发育相关性研究

以126头纯种南阳黄牛为研究材料，利用PCR-RFLPs技术对胰岛素样生长因子2（IGF2）第2外显子的多态性及其与生长发育的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：南阳牛在该位点的遗传多态性丰富。检测到2种等位基因A和B，频率分别为0．6865和0．3135，A等位基因在群体中是优势等位基因；BB型个体的6、12、18、24月龄体斜长和胸围，12、18和24月龄的坐骨端宽，初生、6月龄和24月龄体重等体征性状显著地优于AA型；6月龄体斜长、12月龄的胸围、18月龄和24月龄坐骨端宽也显著优于杂合型。初步推断JGF2基因是非常有价值的辅助选择标记，可为南阳牛肉用型方向选择提供理论依据。     

内毒素诱生自由基致兔血循环系统损伤及CA对其影响

将56只健康白兔随机分组:正常对照组( 组)8只,ET处理组( 组)、CA保护组( 组)各24只,第1、2、3、4和5小时分别采集血液制备血浆样品,检测血浆T-AOC、T-SOD活性和MDA含量,第2和第5小时捕杀并迅速采集心脏制备组织匀浆,检测心脏GSH、GSH-ST、GSH-Px活性,研究内毒素(endotoxin,ET)诱导休克兔产生自由基对血浆和心脏的损伤及阳离子A(cationA,CA)对其影响。结果表明: 组各项指标均保持相对稳定; 组MDA含量比 组升高(P<0.01),T-AOC、T-SOD活性比 组降低(P<0.01),而 组的MDA、T-AOC、T-SOD显著高于 组(P<0.05);除心脏GSH-Px活性第5小时降低不明显外, 组GSH、GSH-Px和GSH-ST活性显著降低(P<0.01), 组比 组GSH、GSH-Px、GSH-ST活性高(P<0.01)。结果提示:CA能减轻ET诱生自由基所致的过氧化损伤,有效缓解内毒素引起的血液循环系统毒性损伤。     

“黄白散”对兔接种RHD疫苗后免疫功能的影响

在注射兔病毒性出血症 (RHD)疫苗后 ,30只兔随机分为 2组 ,试验组兔饲喂含 1 5 %黄白散的饲料。从接种到第 1 80天 ,每组取兔 8只 ,每隔 1 5d采血 1次 ,检测血凝抑制 (HI)抗体 ;在接种前 1天及接种后 5、 1 0、 1 7、 2 4、 31、 41、 5 1d ,每组取兔 1 0只 ,采血检测ANAE+淋巴细胞百分率 ;在 1 80、 2 4 0、 30 0d时 ,每组分别取兔 5只做攻毒保护试验。结果表明 :2组兔HI抗体峰值分别为 7 3log2和 9 8log2 ,差异极显著 (P <0 0 1 ) ;试验组疫苗保护期可延长 60d ;试验组ANAE+率从第 1 0天至 5 1天与对照组比较 ,差异极显著(P<0 0 1 )。所以黄白散可增强兔接种RHD疫苗后的特异性免疫功能 ,增强RHD疫苗的免疫效果。     

秸秆饲料开发利用现状及前景

农作物秸秆在自然条件下是一种劣质饲料，主要有玉米秸、麦秸、稻草、豆秸、红薯藤、油菜秸、花生秧等。其特点是：粗蛋白含量低，而且品质不佳；粗纤维含量高，其中含有不易被家畜消化的木质素；无氮浸出物含量高，主要成分是半纤维素和聚糖醛酸；有些秸秆质地粗硬，适口性差，采食率极低。但是，对秸秆采用青贮、氨化、碱化、热压力加工、高强度冷压、微生物等方法进行处理后，即能分解木质素，降低粗纤维含量，提高营养价值，提高利用率、消化率、采食速度，增强适口性，增加采食量，达到减少资源浪费的目的。1 秸秆饲料开发利用现状目前…     

狗牙根草坪冬季盖播黑麦草的可行性研究

用2种黑麦草在广州赛马会高尔夫球练习场的狗牙根草坪上进行了冬季盖播可行性试验。结果表明，冬季盖播黑麦草后，盖播处理区的狗牙根草坪同没有盖播的对照区草坪相比，绿期延长，同时其它坪用性状也明显提高，因而证明，在广州地区的狗牙根草坪上用黑麦草进行了加绿盖播是完全可行而必要的。同时试验结果表明，草坪型黑麦草盖播草坪的坪用性状远远好于牧草型黑麦草的盖播处理。此外，合理的施肥和播量等因素也将直接影响盖播草坪的冬季坪用性状以及夏枯时狗牙根草坪的恢复生长。播量以20g/m^2最为理想，可根据建植和管理水平酌情增减。生长前期以高施肥（90g/m^2）为宜，夏枯前后的过渡阶段，以低施肥（45g/m^2）为佳。     

Excel在统计教师教学工作量中的应用

利用Excel的表格、函数、VBA编写了教师教学工作量统计程序,能对教学工作量自动计算、快速查询和汇总。并举例介绍了该程序在教学工作量统计和分析当中的应用。     

Risk factors associated with occurrence of nematodes in free range pigs in Busia District,Kenya

Nematode infections are a serious constraint to pig production, especially where free range pig keeping is practiced. This study investigated the epidemiology of nematodes in free range pigs in Busia District, Kenya. Three hundred and six pigs from 135 farms were sampled for faeces that were analysed for nematode eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces using the McMaster technique. The nematode eggs were also identified to genus and species based on morphology. A questionnaire on risk factors was also administered to the pig owners. The overall prevalence and mean nematode EPG were 84.2% and 2,355, respectively. The nematode eggs were identified as those belonging to Oesophagostomum spp. (75%), Strongyloides ransomi (37%), Ascaris suum (18%), Metastrongylus spp. (11%), Trichuris suis (7%) and Physocephalus sexalatus (3%). The prevalence of nematodes was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the amount of rainfall in the division of the pigs' origin (all nematodes except S. ransomi). The prevalence of nematodes was also associated with the age of the pigs. A lower burden of nematodes was associated (p < 0.05) with a history of deworming (A. suum) and the provision of night housing (S. ransomi and Metastrongylus spp.). In conclusion, this study has provided information on nematode infections and the associated risk factors for free range pigs in Busia District, which can be used when implementing integrated control measures.     

In vitro effects of plant and mushroom extracts on immunological function of chicken lymphocytes and macrophages

1.?The present study was conducted to examine the effects of organic extracts from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum), and shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) on innate immunity and tumor cell viability.

2.?Innate immunity was measured by lymphocyte proliferation and nitric oxide production by macrophages, and the inhibitory effect on tumor cell growth was assessed using a non-radioactive assay. For measuring the cytokine levels in the HD11 macrophages which were treated with extracts of turmeric or shiitake mushroom, the levels of mRNAs for interferon-α (IFN- α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15 (TNFSF15) were quantified by real time RT-PCR.

3.?In vitro culture of chicken spleen lymphocytes with extracts of milk thistle, turmeric, and shiitake and reishi mushrooms induced significantly higher cell proliferation compared with the untreated control cells. Stimulation of macrophages with extracts of milk thistle and shiitake and reishi mushrooms, but not turmeric, resulted in robust nitric oxide production to levels that were similar with those induced by recombinant chicken interferon-γ. All extracts uniformly inhibited the growth of chicken tumor cells in vitro at the concentration of 6·3 through 100 µg/ml. Finally, the levels of mRNAs encoding IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and TNFSF15 were enhanced in macrophages that were treated with extracts of turmeric or shiitake mushroom compared with the untreated control.

4.?These results document the immunologically-based enhancement of innate immunity in chickens by extracts of plants and mushrooms with known medicinal properties in vitro. In vivo studies are being planned to delineate the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for their mechanism of action.     

陇西南塬区农业生产系统结构与效益研究

本研究通过对陇西南塬区农业生产系统的结构分析，确认该系统的特征为产业结构不合理（以种植业为主），种植业以粮食生产为主，复种指数低（１１１％）；养殖业中草食家畜比例低，饲养技术落后，良种率低；林果业效益低下；人口密度高，劳动力过剩，生产能源短缺等。通过系统分析提出了调控方针，该系统整体效益提高的关键是发展以草食家畜为核心的养殖业，种植业应及时调整结构，提高经济作物和饲料作物的比例，提高复种指数，林果