黔西南州野生柊叶资源调查研究

通过实地考察、走访和问卷调查等研究方法,对黔西南州野生柊叶资源种类、分布及其生长环境等方面进行了调查,总结出黔西南州柊叶资源特点,并针对黔西南州野生柊叶资源开发利用存在的问题提出相应的建议,以期为黔西南州野生柊叶资源合理开发利用提供参考依据.     

茉莉酸甲酯诱导辣椒抗青枯病与活性氧代谢的关系

为探究茉莉酸甲酯(Methyl Jasmonate,Me JA)诱导辣椒抗青枯病效应与活性氧代谢相关酶的关系,以辣椒易感青枯病品种‘粤红1号’和抗青枯病品种‘辛香8号’幼苗为试验材料,在0.1mmol·L-1 Me JA喷雾处理后12、24、48、72和96 h接种青枯劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum),对其进行青枯病病情指数与活性氧代谢相关酶——超氧化酶歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate Peroxidase,APX)活性以及丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量测定及相互关系的分析。结果表明:‘粤红1号’和‘辛香8号’的病情指数随喷Me JA处理时间的推移表现为先降后升,但都低于对照;而诱导效果则相反,Me JA处理对两个辣椒品种幼苗抗性的最适诱导时间均为接种前48 h。接种后0~96 h,Me JA喷雾处理的辣椒幼苗叶片SOD、CAT、POD和APX酶活性均显示先升后降的趋势,且明显高于对照,接种后24~48 h达到最高,而MDA含量则明显低于对照。因此,Me JA可诱导辣椒幼苗抗青枯病,其实现途径可能与提高活性氧代谢相关酶活性和缓解膜脂过氧化有关。     

A rapid assessment of landscape biodiversity using diversity profiles of arthropod morphospecies

Context

The assessment of land-use impacts on biodiversity is one of the central themes of landscape ecology and conservation biology. However, due to the complexity of biodiversity, it is impossible to obtain complete information about the diversity of all species even for small areas, necessitating the selection of individual species or assemblages thereof as species surrogate. In parts of the world where taxonomic expertise is lacking, species identification has hindered progress in biodiversity conservation, and the only practical, relatively-accurate option, is the use of taxonomic minimalism.

Objective

We carried out a rapid biodiversity assessment based on three surrogates—land-use (driver-surrogate), terrestrial arthropods (species-surrogate) and morphospecies (taxonomic-surrogate)—to determine the impacts of land-use on biodiversity of the Western Region (Ghana), an area covering ~4 % of the West African biodiversity hotspot.

Method

We used diversity profiles to visualize the distribution of a total of 8848 arthropod individuals over seven land-use types which define the complete heterogeneity of the landscape.

Results

Here, we present both sample and asymptotic diversity profiles of arthropod morphospecies for each land-use type and the potential of each land-use type for conserving arthropods.

Conclusions

We conclude that (1) the morphospecies approach is useful for detecting differences in species diversity of land-use types; (2) the concept of asymptotic diversity may not be necessary for land-use based biodiversity comparison; and (3) maximum diversity profiles are useful for determining the land-use conservation values in cases where pristine areas are not available.

     

Protective effect of curcumin analogue L6H4 on diaphragm of type 2 diabetic rats

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of curcumin analogue L6H4 on diaphragm of type 2 diabetic rats.METHODS: SPF male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal control (NC) group, high fat (HF) group, high fat+L6H4 treatment (FT) group, diabetes mellitus (DM) group and DM+L6H4 treatment (DT) group. The rats in the later 4 groups were fed with high-fat diet. After 4 weeks of high-fat diet fee-ding, the rats in DM and DT groups were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes melliutus. The rats in FT and DT groups were given L6H4 by gavage for 8 weeks. Blood glucose and blood lipid levels were detected biochemically. Fasting serum insulin (FINS) level was measured by radioimmunoassay and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Serum adiponectin (APN) level was measured by ELISA. The morphological changes of the diaphragm were observed under light and transmission electron microscopes. Lipid deposition and the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and NADH-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) were observed by enzyme histochemical staining. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the diaphragm were measured by thiobarbituric acid method and hydroxylamine method, respectively. The protein expression of adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) in the diaphragm was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS: The levels of blood lipids, blood glucose, FINS and HOMA-IR in HF and DM groups were higher than those in NC group, but decreased after L6H4 treatment. The serum APN level in HF and DM groups was lower than that in NC group, but increased after treatment with L6H4. The muscle fibers of the diaphragm were shrunk, fat particles accumulated in the muscle fibers, and the mitochondria were slightly swollen in HF and DM groups. The diaphragmatic fibrosis was obvious in DM group. These lesions were relieved after L6H4 treatment. Compared with NC group, the level of MDA and the activity of SDH and NADH-TR in the diaphragm were increased in HF and DM groups, but decreased after treatment with L6H4. The activity of SOD and the expression of AdipoR1 in the diaphragm were lower than those in NC group, but increased after L6H4 treatment.CONCLUSION: The curcumin analogue L6H4 exerts a protective effect on diaphragm in type 2 diabetic rats. The strengthened protein expression of AdipoR1, the increased serum level of APN, and anti-lipid peroxidation may be involved in the process.     

甜瓜白粉病抗病基因的定位及候选基因分析

以甜瓜高抗白粉病自交系MR-1为母本,易感白粉病自交系Top Mark为父本,构建BC_1P_2和F_2群体,经13个国际通用的甜瓜白粉病生理小种鉴别寄主鉴定,2015年东北农业大学设施园艺工程中心的白粉病发病病菌为P.xanthii生理小种1,甜瓜MR-1对P.xanthii生理小种1的抗性由单显性基因控制。通过对266个F2分离群体的抗病性鉴定和CAPS标记分析,采用复合区间作图法对甜瓜抗白粉病性状进行QTL分析,最终构建了1张包含203个CAPS标记的甜瓜遗传连锁图谱,并将抗病基因PXR定位在第12号染色体上M12-GH和M12-TE 2个标记之间,该基因与两侧翼标记间的距离分别为0.63 c M和0.42 c M,两侧翼标记间在甜瓜参考基因组上对应的物理距离为303 kb,该区域内含有60个预测基因,其中10个基因含有非同义单碱基突变。10个基因荧光定量分析结果显示,在抗病与感病甜瓜表达量存在较大差异的4个基因MELO3C002434、MELO3C002437、MELO3C002441、MELO3C002457为甜瓜白粉病抗病候选基因。     

天山樱桃EST-SSR引物开发及PCR反应体系优化

以新疆天山樱桃叶片为试材,从NCBI数据库中搜索天山樱桃EST序列,利用SSRHunter 1.3软件查找SSR位点,结合Primer 6.0设计引物,通过正交实验和单因素试验优化天山樱桃SSR-PCR反应体系,并用最佳体系对所开发的引物进行验证,以期为研究天山樱桃遗传多样性、构建遗传连锁图谱奠定基础。结果表明:从58对备选引物中随机挑选30对引物进行试验,有21对引物能够扩增出特异性条带,有效扩增率为70%。20μL天山樱桃SSR-PCR最佳反应体系为dNTP 0.2mmol·L~(-1)、引物0.4μmol·L~(-1)、Taq酶0.75U、模板DNA 60ng。     

鲜切生菜贮藏期间产品品质变化及褐变发生规律

为了研究鲜切生菜贮藏期间品质变化和褐变发生的规律及其内在机理,以新鲜圆生菜为试材,经切分处理,置于4℃下贮藏,观测贮藏期间鲜切生菜外观品质、主要营养成分以及与褐变相关的褐变度,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化规律。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,经过切分处理的鲜切生菜的含水量逐步降低,失重率增大,后期腐烂明显;主要营养成分叶绿素、还原型维生素C(VC)、可溶性蛋白质含量均出现不同程度的下降;褐变度呈现上升趋势,组织中的PAL活性和总酚含量先升高后逐步下降;PPO活性在整个贮藏时期内呈现出下降趋势,POD活性在贮藏的后期迅速升高。综合分析认为,切分损伤能够诱使PAL活性提高,并促进酶促褐变底物酚类物质的大量积累,通过PPO和POD协同作用,加剧褐变发生;鲜切生菜随贮藏时间延长,其综合品质下降,建议最佳食用期0~3d,货架期0~8d。     

四季秋海棠无土栽培优良基质的筛选

为探究秋海棠的优良栽培基质及草坪草的修剪废弃物替代泥炭作为基质的可能性,以栽培广泛的四季秋海棠幼苗为试材,在上海辰山植物园的栽培大棚中进行盆栽试验。分别选用T1(泥炭∶珍珠岩=1∶1)、T2(泥炭∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1)、T3(玉米秆∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1)、T4(玉米秆∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=2∶1∶1)、T5(草秆∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1)、T6(草秆∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=2∶1∶1)、T7(蛭石∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1)和T8(蛭石∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=2∶1∶1)8种混合基质,比较四季秋海棠的生长表现差异。结果表明:四季秋海棠在8种栽培基质中,上盆后30~60d时茎均显著增大,60~90d时株高、叶数和叶面积增加最多。最佳综合表现为T6处理,在该基质中,分枝数、叶片厚度、开花数、地上部分鲜干质量和相对叶绿素含量均最大。综合评价分析,基质用草秆∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=2∶1∶1替换泥炭,可满足四季秋海棠生长,因此,修剪后的草坪草废弃物可替换泥炭用于秋海棠的无土栽培基质。     

石细胞发育对“黄金梨”果肉硬化症的影响

选用"黄金梨"发病果实与正常果为试材,通过对病果与正常果单果质量、果形指数、色差、石细胞含量、果胶甲脂酶(PME)活性、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PLA)活性等指标的测定,探索"黄金梨"果肉硬化的发病原因。结果表明:病果石细胞含量明显高于正常果,病果苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性显著高于正常果,但病果与正常果相比较,在果胶甲酯酶活性上无明显差异;说明"黄金梨"果肉硬化与石细胞的发育和苯丙氨酸解氨酶关系密切,而果胶甲酯酶活性对果肉硬化无明显影响。     

我国农用无人机发展概况与展望

近年来,随着我国农业结构的转变与调整,农业生产对农业机械的需要也从普遍的耕作机械、收获机械、农副产品加工机械等方面扩展到了农用无人机。无人机在有动力源的情况下,能通过操控来执行多种作业任务,可广泛应用于农业生产,主要用途体现在植保作业、林业监测、作物授粉及牧群定位等方面。为此,介绍了农用无人机的分类、国内外农用无人机的技术发展概况和现状,以及其在农业领域的应用,阐明了其在我国的发展前景,指出了其在发展过程中存在的一些问题,并提出了相应的发展建议。