湖北省钟祥市南湖水生态环境评价

位于湖北省钟祥市城关郢中镇东的南湖,面积800hm^2,集观赏和水产养殖于一体。鱼产量为700t／a。该湖紧靠城市,直接纳人了未经任何处理的大量生活和工业污水,每天流量达40000t,造成水体严重富营养化,鱼类因栖息环境恶化而大量死亡,造成很大经济损失。鉴于此,笔者对南湖水生态环境进行了调查,旨在为南湖的综合治理提供科学依据。     

西双版纳橡胶盔蚧天敌调查

通过对西双版纳州各大国有农场(景洪、勐养、勐捧、勐腊、橄榄坝、东风)、民营胶园(三达山、嘎栋、嘎洒、勐罕)及西双版纳热带花卉园内幼林地的调查,初步了解到橡胶盔蚧的天敌31种,其中云南省天敌新记录9种,分为2个纲、7个目、11个科,其中优势种为普通草蛉、川上座壳孢和寄生蜂,分别占天敌总量的26.43%、32.35%和27.48%。比较有利用前景的为普通草蛉和寄生蜂。     

A novel screening method for rice allelopathic potential: the inhibitory‐circle method

Screening crop accessions for allelopathic activity is of paramount importance for crop allelopathy research. Previous bioassays often did not use a mixed culture of donor and target plants, did not use soil and were not conducted under natural conditions. In this study, we designed an inhibitory‐circle method in which a rice accession (donor plant) and Echinochloa crus‐galli (target plant) were cultured together in paddy soil under natural conditions. First, we determined that the highest allelopathic activity of allelopathic rice accession PI312777 was at the 5‐leaf stage, and the suitable distance of rice seedlings and E. crus‐galli was 12 cm apart. This method was then validated by a field test. A further 40 rice accessions were evaluated for allelopathic activity to E. crus‐galli using this method. Two rice accessions, PI312777 and Taichung Native 1, had highly allelopathic activity to E. crus‐galli (inhibitory rate > 50%), while another accession, Lemont, had non‐allelopathic activity. These experimental results were in accordance with previous studies using direct field experiments. The inhibitory‐circle method integrated three necessary conditions, that is donor and target plants grown together, with soil as the medium and under natural conditions for reliable results. The ‘inhibitory‐circle method’, which combined donor and target plants, soil medium and field conditions, can give reliable results in one step, compared with laboratory screening methods. Also, the ‘inhibitory‐circle method’ gave results in 30‐35 days, thereby substantially reducing the requirements for time, labour and cost.     

家蚕品种茧层生产效率的调查及相关分析

251个家蚕品种的茧层生产效率平均为10．11％，最高12．19％，最低6．71％。二化性品种较高，一化性和多化性较低。中系二化种最高，平均10．54％，日二化种次之，平均10．39％，欧一化平均9.08％，日一化8．90％，多化平均8．72％。茧层生产效率与茧层量、茧层率、5龄一日茧层量成正相关，达显著或极显著水平；与5龄经过、全龄经过有正相关倾向，但不显著；与虫蛹率、死笼率、全茧量、消化率无一致倾向的相关。还调查了消化率和茧层转换率。     

链霉菌NND－52菌株及其次生代谢物的鉴定

对从土壤中分离的ＮＮＤ－５２菌株的形态、培养特征、生理生化特征及其拮抗性进行综合分析，确定该菌株属于吸水链霉菌。该菌表现了对水稻纹枯菌、小麦赤霉菌等植物病原菌的抑制活性。发酵上清液对稗草、马唐等杂草显示除草活性。上清液中活性成分经提纯结晶并经紫外吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱、核磁共振波谱、质谱检测及元素分析，证实其结构为除莠霉素Ａ（ｈｅｒｂｉｍｙｃｉｎＡ）。ＮＮＤ－５２菌株的菌丝体干粉添加于饲料中喂鸡，表现出抗鸡球虫并使鸡增重的效果。     

早熟、优质、耐贮梨新品种新梨7号选育研究

以库尔勒香梨为母本,早酥梨为父本,有性杂交选育成新梨７号品种。该品种同时兼备优质、早熟与耐贮藏性;该品种遗传了父本的早熟性,比父本更早熟１５~２０ｄ,盛花期~果实可食期约８０~９５ｄ,属于早熟品种;且遗传了母本品质性状的质地酥脆、耐贮、清香、阳面红晕,比母本果个大,果心小。果柄木质化,丰产抗风。新梨７号果实贮藏期的可溶性固形物、果实重量、果实硬度和果实前期腐烂率的变化与库尔勒香梨基本相似,但耐热能力高于母本。凡适宜香梨、早酥、苹果梨和巴梨种植的地区,都适宜该品种的种植。     

水稻淀粉合成代谢相关基因与千粒重QTLs的连锁分析

稻米淀粉的合成和积累是水稻千粒重形成的重要基础之一。在水稻千粒重QTLs定位分析基础上，对本研究克隆的14个水稻胚乳淀粉合成与积累相关基因及已报道的和预测的42个相关基因进行了电子定位分析，比较水稻淀粉合成代谢相关基因与千粒重QTLs的连锁关系。发现有38个基因位点与千粒重QTLs连锁，说明千粒重形成与胚乳淀粉积累与淀粉结构形成代谢密切相关。本研究结果将为进一步研究水稻产量形成的分子机理提供参考。     

十五种柑桔种质资源的RAPD分析

对柑桔15个材料（其中包含14个种，1个为品种）进行了RAPD分析，从结果看，各材料之间具有不同的遗传距离，供试材料聚为8个类群，分别为柠檬，柠檬群；香橼，小香橼群；柚，红心柚群；宜昌橙，香圆群；香橙，大翼橙群；红桔，温州蜜柑群；枳登，富民枳群；枳群。采用RAPD技术可作为品种鉴别，亲缘关系和分类的手段。对所得结果进行了讨论。