家蚕有滞育多化性品种滞育卵复式冷藏继代法的研究

利用上年中秋制种的滞育卵经复式冷藏处理,到当年夏蚕期饲养,夏制种再经中秋蚕期饲养,进行了有滞育多化性品种的省力保种试验.夏蚕期其生命力较对照组低1.2%~1.9%,生种率上升16.0%,差异达显著程度.中秋蚕期生命力高1.0%,生种率低0.9%,完全恢复正常.重复试验,结果一致.有滞育多化性品种用滞育卵复式冷藏处理一年二次省力保种是可行的.     

Synergistic effects of Miconazole and Polymyxin B on microbial pathogens

The therapeutic value of antibiotics depends on the susceptibility of the infecting microorganism and the pharmacological profile of the drugs. To assess the value of an antibiotic combination of polymyxin B and miconazole this study examined the in vitro synergistic potential of the two drugs on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. Antifungal and antibacterial activity was tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of broth macrodilution and urea broth microdilution, by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Synergism was calculated using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi). With Staphylococcus intermedius as target we found up to an eightfold reduction of the individual MICs when both drugs were combined. However, the FICi was 0.63 suggesting no real interaction between the two drugs. With Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Malassezia pachydermatis as targets the antimicrobial drug combination reduced the MICs of polymyxin B and miconazole from fourfold to hundredfold resulting in FICi between 0.06 and 0.5 which defines a synergistic action. Thus, if polymyxin B and miconazole are combined their effect is greater than the sum of the effects observed with polymyxin B and miconazole independently, revealing bactericidal and fungicidal synergism. Our results indicate a strong therapeutic value for the combination of these antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast and a weaker value against Gram positive bacteria for clinical situations where these pathogens are involved.     

Multiple amino acid substitutions are involved in the adaptation of H9N2 avian influenza virus to mice

To explore adaptation of avian influenza virus to mice we previously performed serial lung-to-lung passages of the influenza A/Chicken/Jiangsu/7/2002 (H9N2) strain, resulting in the isolation of a variant influenza strain lethal for mice. We now report that virulence correlates with improved growth characteristics on mammalian cells and extended tissue tropism in vivo. Sequencing of the complete genomes of the wild-type and mouse-adapted viruses revealed 25 amino acid substitutions. Some were found to reiterate known substitutions in human and swine H9N2 influenza isolates. Functions affected include nuclear localization signals and sites of protein and RNA interaction, while others are known determinants of pathogenicity and host specificity such as the viral polymerase PB2 E627K substitution. These observations suggest that enhanced growth characteristics and modified cell tropism may contribute to increased virulence in mice. We conclude that multiple amino acid substitutions are likely to be involved in the adaptation of H9N2 avian influenza virus to mice.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptococcus uberis</Emphasis>-specific T cells are present in mammary gland secretions of cows and can be activated to kill <Emphasis Type="Italic">S. uberis</Emphasis>

The presence, phenotype and function of Streptococcus uberis-specific T cells in the mammary gland secretion (MGS) and blood of cows exposed to S. uberis were assessed. MGS T cells in the udder were purified and incubated with autologous blood monocytes as antigen-presenting cells (APC). Most cows, irrespective of prior S. uberis infection status and lactation status, were shown to have S. uberis-specific T cells both in MGS and in the blood. When cells from a subgroup of cows were studied, it was found that the S. uberis-specific T cells produced high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), but low levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10). A high percentage of responding T cells were of the CD8 ⁺ memory (CD45RO) subset. T cells from the MGS specific for S. uberis were propagated from animals during the drying off period and expanded in vitro using interleukin-2 (IL-2) and S. uberis antigens. This led to the accumulation of T cells of the CD8 ⁺ subset bearing memory cell markers (CD45A ⁻ , CD45RO ⁺ ), which released high levels of IFN-γ. Four of the five T cell lines derived from the MGS of three animals had substantial direct killing activity towards S. uberis in vitro. It is concluded that there is an emergence of S. uberis-specific bactericidal T cells in the MGS of cows after infection or environmental exposure to S. uberis. Vaccines aimed at activating and expanding this T cell population in the mammary glands of cattle may offer an avenue for the prevention of mastitis caused by S. uberis.     

纳米蒙脱石抑菌性能研究

本文采用快速分散、研磨、高速离心的方法对高纯蒙脱石进行分级,研究普通蒙脱石和纳米蒙脱石抑制黄曲霉菌的效果。结果表明:蒙脱石在水中分散后,逐步由悬浮液转变为凝胶体,当中位径为3.9μm时,抑菌效果较差;中位径为0.92μm时,抑菌效果明显提高;中位径为0.26μm时,抑菌效果最好。     

清宫药对实验性家兔子宫内膜炎的病理组织形态变化的影响

子宫内膜炎是一种常见的奶牛生殖系统疾病,是造成奶牛不孕的主要原因之一。它严重影响奶牛的繁殖力,给奶牛业造成严重的经济损失。清宫药为纯中药复方制剂,临床上用于治疗和预防奶牛子宫内膜炎,效果显著,为探讨其疗效机理,本试验利用加州兔对清宫药进行了药效学研究。结果显示:与模型组相比,清宫药对实验性急性家兔子宫内膜炎有较好的治疗作用(P﹤0.05)。     

空气污染对蜜蜂及蜜粉源植物的影响探究

近年来,蜜蜂失踪现象多发引起全球蜂业从业者关注,其归因众说纷纭。有认为是农作物滥施农药或频繁在蜂群中使用杀螨药物导致;有解释为移动、电信基站电磁干扰蜜蜂飞行所致;也有说是气候异常引起;等等。笔者以几十年亲身观察本地蜂群的群势变化与实践证明,推测蜜蜂失踪现象另有其因。在此呈现,供同行们从另一个角度探究愈演愈烈的蜜蜂失踪之谜。     

乳牛口服大量β-胡萝卜素对维生素A的吸收及钙磷代谢的影响

从北京西郊某农场选取６头健康成年黑白花乳牛,随机分成试验和对照两组。整个试验周期共８周,分为前期,中期和后期。试验结果表明,试验组乳牛血清β－胡萝卜素水平与血清ＡＫＰ活性的变化规律相一致,均于中期时最高,血清ＡＫＰ同工酶酶谱中骨带染色变宽变深;血清维生素Ａ水平呈现逐渐升高趋势;血清钙水平呈下降趋势;血清无机磷水平逐渐下降。据此可以表明,β－胡萝卜素进入机体后,其转化为维生素Ａ的效率在不同的吸收阶段     

环磷酰胺预处理制备兔抗Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒高免血清

以正常鸡胚尿囊液和环磷酰胺预处理试验兔, 再以Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒（Ｄｕｃｋ Ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ Ｖｉｒｕｓ Ｔｙｐｅ Ⅰ, ＤＨＶ Ⅰ） 标准强毒（ＡＴＣＣ, Ｃ９／Ｄ２） 接种后致死鸡胚的尿囊液, 经灭活、乳化制成油佐剂抗原多次免疫试验兔, 获得了鸡胚中和效价（ＥＰＤ５０） 达１∶３２ 以上的兔抗Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒高免血清（ＤＨＶ ⅠＳ） 。     

高山草地的光谱反射特征及其估产模型

对祁连山东段高山草地中５种植物群落的光谱反射特征进行了测试研究。结果表明：１）草本植物和灌木种群的光谱反射率在可见光波段上无显著差异，但在近红外波段存在显著差异；２）土壤背景和测试仪器高度对群落的光谱反射产生显著影响；３）植物生长盛期，可用近红外波段的反射差异来区分草地植物群落的空间分布：４）草地植物群落的地上植物量与几种变换的植被指数呈显著或极显著的非线性相关。