小麦旗叶大小及穗部相关性状的QTL定位

为了发掘更多控制小麦旗叶大小及穗部相关性状的QTL,以兰考906和小偃81创制的133个F6~F7重组自交系为试验材料,在6个环境下利用SSR标记对旗叶大小及穗部相关性状进行QTL定位。结果表明,有202对SSR标记被用于构建遗传连锁图谱,图谱覆盖小麦21条染色体,全长1 678.93cM,标记间平均距离8.30cM。采用完备区间作图法共检测到30个QTL,分布在1B、2A、3D、4A、4B、4D、5D、6A、6B、6D和7D染色体上。其中,旗叶宽QTL有7个,穗长QTL有9个,小穗数QTL有5个,穗粒数QTL有5个,小穗着生密度QTL有4个,不同环境下单个QTL可解释的表型变异率为4.94%~23.14%,有14个QTL的表型贡献率大于10%,有8个QTL可在2个或2个以上环境中被检测到。其中,Qflw-4A在3个环境中被检测到,贡献率为10.13%~20.77%,是控制旗叶宽的稳定主效QTL;Qsl-4D.2在4个环境中被检测到,贡献率为12.58%~23.14%,是控制穗长的稳定主效QTL;Qker-5D在2个环境中被检测到,贡献率为11.44%~14.32%,是控制穗粒数的稳定主效QTL。这3个稳定主效QTL可作为改良叶宽和增加穗粒数的功能QTL作进一步研究。     

Explaining urban governance in the midst of political transformation: The city of Macao

This paper takes a close look at the urban governance and political culture of Macao, the world largest casino city. Macao has experienced spectacular economic growth since gaming liberalisation in 2002 and China's Free Individual Travel scheme launched in 2003. However, the booming gaming sector has crowded out other sectors of Macao. It has not only made the city's economy mono‐structured and consequently extremely vulnerable to external shocks and fluctuations but also induced serious social divisions and political controversies within the local community. By tracing the root cause of the ongoing dilemma and crisis in the mode of governance, the dynamic relationships between formal and informal institutions, consensus politics and the social group culture are intensively discussed in a historical context. In fact, the sustainable development of the former Portuguese colony has largely been hindered by its residents' passive attitudes toward political communication, non‐transparent urban governance, the absence of a middle class and the dominance of pro‐establishment social groups.     

粮食污染物残留免疫分析技术研究与示范

随着人们对粮食安全问题的重视,政府部门不断加强对粮食安全的监测工作。针对粮食生产、加工、储运过程中的化学污染物安全性问题,研究粮食污染物快速监测技术,研究污染物免疫分析方法通过利用抗原、抗体的特异性反应来检测农药含量,设计并筛选吡虫啉、多溴联苯醚、功夫菊酯、氰戊菊酯4种半抗原,制备相关高特异性的抗体,分析吡虫啉、多溴联苯醚、功夫菊酯与气相色谱法(GC)相比,稻谷、大米、玉米样品通过相关性分析均高度相关,操作简便、快速。     

Separating the effects of habitat amount and fragmentation on invertebrate abundance using a multi-scale framework

Context

Herbicide treatments in viticulture can generate highly contrasting mosaics of vegetated and bare vineyards, of which vegetated fields often provide better conditions for biodiversity. In southern Switzerland, where herbicides are applied at large scales, vegetated vineyards are limited in extent and isolated from one another, potentially limiting the distribution and dispersal ability of organisms.

Objectives

We tested the separate and interactive effects of habitat amount and fragmentation on invertebrate abundance using a multi-scale framework, along with additional environmental factors. We identified which variables at which scales were most important in predicting patterns of invertebrate abundance.

Methods

We used a factorial design to sample across a gradient of habitat amount (area of vegetated vineyards, measured as percentage of landscape PLAND) and fragmentation (number of vegetated patches, measured as patch density PD). Using 10 different spatial scales, we identified the factors and scales that most strongly predicted invertebrate abundance and tested potential interactions between habitat amount and fragmentation.

Results

Habitat amount (PLAND index) was most important in predicting invertebrate numbers at a field scale (50 m radius). In contrast, we found a negative effect of fragmentation (PD) at a broad scale of 450 m radius, but no interactive effect between the two.

Conclusions

The spatial scales at which habitat amount and fragmentation affect invertebrates differ, underpinning the importance of spatially explicit study designs in disentangling the effects between habitat amount and configuration. We showed that the amount of vegetated vineyards has more influence on invertebrate abundance, but that fragmentation also contributed substantially. This suggests that efforts for augmenting the area of vegetated vineyards is more beneficial for invertebrate numbers than attempts to connect them.

     

寒地玉米多级顺流干燥工艺参数优化

为解决目前北方寒地玉米干燥加工中存在的干燥效率低、设备能耗大和干制品品质差等问题,利用自行设计的多级顺流式谷物干燥试验台,对北方寒地玉米多级顺流干燥特性和干燥加工工艺参数进行了研究。通过二次通用旋转组合试验设计方法,探讨热风温度、热风风速、干燥时间对设备单位能耗和干后玉米品质的影响,建立了相应的数学模型。将多目标综合优化,确定了干燥工艺的最优参数:热风温度103℃、热风风速1.5m/s、干燥时间100min。在此工艺参数条件下,有效地提高了干燥效率,降低了设备单位能耗及玉米干燥过程中营养成分的损失,达到了玉米保质干燥的目的。该研究旨在为北方寒地玉米干燥工业提供了理论基础。     

Breeding by design for future rice:Genes and genome technologies

1. Introduction Rice is a staple food for 3.2 billion people. The food security threat that shook many Asian countries in 2008 still looms, because farmers are ...     

麦秆湿解反应水溶液循环对固形产物的影响

为了减少生物质湿解过程的排放和水的消耗,以麦秆为原料,麦秆湿解水溶液为溶剂,在高温高压反应釜中,进行了反应温度为220℃,停留时间为120 min条件下的水循环湿解实验研究,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析仪的检测分析结果对使用循环水作为溶剂时的麦秆湿解固体产物的微晶结构、化学组成和热稳定性进行了深入分析。研究发现,随水循环次数的增加,固体产物产率和固碳率逐渐增加,同使用新鲜水的麦秆湿解实验相比较,水循环第6次时,固体产物产率和固碳率分别增加至78.7%和92.4%;麦秆湿解固体的有序化程度亦随水循环次数的增加而增加,微晶结构接近于石墨化的程度逐渐提高,有机官能团和脂肪族结构逐渐减少,芳香化和炭化程度逐渐提高;热重分析表明,麦秆湿解固体热稳定性较好,并随水循环次数的增加,热稳定性逐渐增强。麦秆湿解反应水溶液循环利用有益于固体目标产物的生成,并可改善产物的理化特性。