Trends in Service Employment in Pacific Northwest Counties: 1974–1986

The Pacific Northwest has grown more rapidly than the U.S. in recent years, led by the expansion of services employment. However, there have been striking differences in the rates of growth of individual counties in the Northwest. These variations in growth rates are shown to be associated with the type of industrial structure found in groups of counties. Their growth is also shown to be related, in part, to changes in the economic base of individual counties, with services contributing a greater share to county exports in 1986 than in 1974.     

Efficacy of Enrofloxacin in the Treatment of Canine Bacterial Pyoderma

Abstract— Bacterial pyoderma was diagnosed in 30 dogs which were subsequently treated with enrofloxacin administered orally at 2.5 mg.kg^-1 of body weight every 12 h, for 2 to 14 weeks. Dogs were re-examined at the conclusion of antibiotic treatment and 28 (93.3 per cent) were found to have an excellent response. Relapses were seen in 25 per cent of these dogs after follow up periods of 1 to 4 months. Minor side effects were seen in only 1 dog. On the basis of this study, enrofloxacin is an excellent antibiotic for the treatment of canine bacterial pyoderma but must be administered well beyond the manufacturer's maximum recommendation for duration of therapy. Résumé— Une pyodermite bactérienne a été diagnostiquée chez 30 chiens qui furent traités avec de l'enrofloxacine administrée par voie orale à la dose de 2.5 mg/Kg toutes les 12 heures, pour une durée allant de 2.5 à 14 semaines. Les chiens furent réexaminés à la fin de l'antibiothérapie et 28 d'entre eux (93.3%) présentaient une excellente réponse au traitement. Des rechutes furent observées chez 25% des chiens lors de suivis portant sur des périodes de 1 à 4 mois. Des effets secondaires mineurs furent observés chez l'un des chiens. Cette étude montre que l'enrofloxacine est un excellent antibiotique pour le traitement des pyodermites canines mais, qu'il doit être administré pendant des délais beaucoup plus longs que ceux qui sont indiqués par le fabricant. Zusammenfassung— 30 Hunde mit bakteríellen Pyodermien wurden zweieinhalb bis vierzehn Wochen lang oral mit Enrofloxacin behandelt (2 täglich 2.5 mg/kg KGW). Nach Abschluß der Behandlung wurden die Tiere erneut untersucht. Bei 28 Patienten (93.3%) wurden hervorragende Ergebnisse erzielt. Bei 25% kam as nach 1 bis 4 Monaten zu Rezidiven. Geringe Nebenwirkungen wurden nur in einem Fall beobachtet. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, daß Enrofloxacin ein hervorragendes Antibiotikum für die Behandlung von Pyodermien ist, aber wesentlich länger als vom Hersteller angegeben verabreicht werden muß. Resumen Treinta perros, a los cuales se había diagnosticado una epiderma bacteriana, fueron tratado con Enrofloxacina via oral a una dosis de 2,5 mg/kg de peso corporal cada 12 horas durante un período de tiempo que oscíló entre las 2,5 semanas y las 14 semanas. Los perros se examinaron clínicamente de nuevo cuando acabó el tratamiento antibiótico y se observó en 28 (93,3%) una respuesta excelente. En un 25% de estos perros se observaron recidivas en un período comprendido entre uno y cuatro meses. Efectos colaterales de poca importancia se observaron úicamente en un animal. Según estos resultados puede concluirse que la Enrofloxacina es un antibiótico excelente para el tratamiento de las piodermas bacterianas del perro, aunque debe administrarse durante un período de tiempo superior al que recomiendan los productores.     

Influence of Cholinergic Blockade on the Development of Epinephrine-Induced Ventricular Arrhythmias in Halothane- and Isoflurane-Anesthetized Dogs

The arrhythmogenic effects of anesthetic drugs are assessed using the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) model. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of cholinergic blockade (CB) produced by glycopyrrolate (G) on ADE in 1.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) halothane (H)- and isoflurane (I)-anesthetized dogs. Eight dogs (weighing between 12.5 and 21.5 kg) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (H, HG, I, and IG) and each treatment was replicated three times. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with H (1.31%, end-tidal [ET]) or I (1.95%, ET) in oxygen. Ventilation was controlled (carbon dioxide [PCO₂] 35 to 40 mmHg, ET). G was administered 10 minutes before ADE determination at a dose of 22 μg/kg (11 μg/kg, intravenous [IV] and 11 μg/kg, intramuscular [IM]). The ADE was determined by IV infusion of epinephrine at sequentially increasing rates of 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 μg/kg/min; and defined as the total dose of epinephrine producing at least four ectopic ventricular contractions (EVCs) within 15 seconds during a 3-minute infusion and up to 1 minute after the end of the infusion. Total dose was calculated as the product of infusion rate and time to arrhythmia. Data were analyzed using a randomized complete block analysis of variance. When significant (P < .05) F values were found a least significant difference test was used to compare group means. Values are reported as means ± standard error. The ADE (μg/kg) for H, HG, I, and IG were 1.53 ± 0.08, 3.37 ± 0.46, 1.61 ± 0.21, and > 15.00, respectively. Heart rates (HRs) (beats/min) and systolic pressures (mmHg) at the time of arrhythmia formation for H, HG, I, and IG were (60.3 ±4.0 and 142.0 ± 7.6), (213.0 ± 13.1 and 239.2 ± 7.1), (62.9 ± 4.5 and 151.9 ± 6.3), and (226.3 ± 6.1 and 323.5 ± 3.4), respectively. The H and I ADE were not different. The HG ADE was significantly less than the IG ADE. The H and I ADE were significantly less than the HG and IG ADE. We conclude the following from the results of this study of epinephrine infusion in halothane- and isoflurane-anesthetized dogs: (1) two distinct mechanisms are responsible for the development of arrhythmias, (2) CB produced by G significantly increases ADE but is associated with higher rate pressure products (RPP) and myocardial work, and (3) ADE methodology could be improved by determining ADE with and without CB.     

A Comparison of Acute Pull-Out Strength Between Two-Way and One-Way Transfixation Pin Insertion for External Skeletal Fixation in Canine Bone

This study tested the hypothesis that two-way insertion of an external skeletal fixator trans-fixation pin would weaken the pin-bone interface. Smooth and partially threaded (end) trans-fixation pins were placed in tibiae of 32 cadavers by slow speed drilling or hand placement through a predrilled pilot hole. In one bone of each tibial pair, pins were inserted 2 cm beyond the distal cortex and retracted to a predetermined position (two-way). In the contralateral limb, the pins were inserted in one forward motion to the predetermined position (one-way). The peak force (Newtons) required to extract the pins (pull-out strength) axially at a rate of 1 mm/sec was determined by using a universal testing machine. A significant (p < .05) decrease in pull-out strength was found in pins placed by two-way insertion (674 +/- 410) as opposed to one-way insertion (766 +/- 432). The results of this in vitro study suggest that one-way insertion should be used clinically to decrease weakening of the pin-bone interface and prevent possible failure of external fixators. A significantly greater pull-out strength was found for threaded pins placed in the proximal diaphysis (1459 +/- 330 Newtons) compared to the distal metaphysis (873 +/- 297 Newtons).     

Regional Perfusion of the Equine Carpus for Antibiotic Delivery

Regional perfusion of carpal tissues by forced intramedullary administration of fluids was evaluated in 10 horses. Results of subtraction radiography after perfusion with a contrast medium demonstrated that perfusate was delivered to the carpal tissues by the venous system. Perfused India ink was distributed uniformly in the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal synovial membranes. Histologically, the ink was within the venules of the synovial villi. Immediately after perfusion with gentamicin sulfate (1 g), the gentamicin concentrations in the synovial fluid and synovial membrane of the antebrachiocarpal joint were 349 +/- 240 micrograms/mL and 358 +/- 264 micrograms/g, respectively. When gentamicin concentrations in the synovial fluid of the antebrachiocarpal joint and serum were measured 0, 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after carpal perfusion, the mean peak gentamicin concentration in the synovial fluid was 589 +/- 429 micrograms/mL. At hour 24, the mean gentamicin concentration in the synovial fluid was 4.8 +/- 2.0 micrograms/mL. The resulting peak gentamicin concentration in the serum was 23.7 +/- 14.5 micrograms/mL immediately after the perfusion; it decreased below the desired trough level of 1 micrograms/mL between hours 4 and 8.     

Effects of Halothane, Enflurane, and Isoflurane on Supraventricular and Ventricular Rate in Dogs With Complete Atrioventricular Block

Complete atrioventricular (AV) block was produced in 32 chloralose-anesthetized autonomically intact dogs to determine the effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on supraventricular and ventricular rate. Halothane (n = 17), enflurane (n = 6), and isoflurane (n = 9) were administered in three separate experiments in sequential minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0. Supraventricular rate, ventricular rate, and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were measured and recorded at baseline and after a 20-minute equilibration period of each inhalation anesthetic at each MAC multiple. Increasing concentrations of enflurane and isoflurane significantly decreased supraventricular rate ( P < .05). Ventricular rate was not significantly changed by sequential MAC multiples of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane. Increasing concentrations of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane significantly decreased MAP with enflurane producing the most significant decrease ( P < .05). Ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 5 of 17 dogs anesthetized with halothane and 1 of 9 dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Inhalation anesthesia can significantly decrease supraventricular rate and MAP, does not alter ventricular rate, and can produce ventricular arrhythmias in dogs with complete AV block.     

A Temporal Study Comparing the Carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius on Normal Dogs with Atopic Dogs in Clinical Remission

Résumé— Le portage de Staphylococcus intermedius dans les narines, le pourtour anal et la ligne blanche a été compare chez 10 chiens sains et 19 chiens atopiques cliniquement controlés, recevant de faibles doses, à jours alternés, de prednisone pendant une période six mois. Un test du x² n'a pas permis de mettre en évidence une différence significative du taux d'isolement de S. intermedius entre les deux groupes en aucune localisation ni en regroupant l'ensemble des localisations [Harvey, R. G., Noble, W. C. A temporal study comparing the carriage of Saphylococcus intermedius on normal dogs with atopic dogs in clinical remission (Etue comparative du portage de Staphylococcus intermedius chez les chiens sains et atopiques cliniquement guéris).
Abstract— A temporal study of the carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius from the nares, anal ring and ventral midline of 10 normal dogs was compared to that of 19 atopic dogs receiving low dose, alternate-day prednisolone over a period of six months and maintained in clinical remission.
Chi-squared comparison of the two groups revealed no difference between the groups in the recovery rate of S. intermedius at any single site and no significant difference when all sites were pooled.     

Multicentric Squamous Cell Carcinomas In Situ Resembling Bowen's Disease in Five Cats

Abstract— Multiple squamous cell carcinomas in situ were diagnosed in five aged cats. Despite clinical courses ranging from 18 to 30 months, there was no clinical or histologic evidence of breachment of the basement membrane. The condition closely resembles Bowen's disease in humans.
Résumé— Des épithéliomas spinocellulaires multiples in situ ont été diagnostiqués chez 5 chats. Maigré une anclenneté clinique de 18 à 30 mois, il n'y avait pas de signes cliniques ou histologiques d'atteinte de la membrane basale. Cette affection resemble á la maladie de Bowen chez l'homme.
Zusammenfassung— Bei fünf alten Katzen wurden multiple plattenepithelkarzinome in situ diagnostiziert. Trotz der klinischen Krankheitverläufe von 18 bis 30 Monaten konnte weder klinisch noch histologisch ein Durchbrechen der Basalmembran nachgewiesen werden. Dieses Bild ähnelt sehr dem Bowens Krankheit des Menschen.
Resumen  En cinco gatos se diagnosticaron carcinomas multiples de células escamosas in situ. A pesar del curso clínico de 18–30 meses no se observó evidencia clinica, o histológica de infiltración a traves de la membrana basal. La condición es muy semejante a la enfermedad de Bowen en medicina humana.