Development of large and small blastomeres from 2‐cell embryos produced in vitro in pigs

In the present study, we examined the development to blastocysts of large and small blastomeres from unevenly cleaved 2‐cell embryos (uneven 2‐cell embryos) in pigs. Proportion of blastocysts derived from large blastomeres (52.8 ± 6.4%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with small ones (32.1 ± 4.6%). However, there were no differences in total cell number, inner cell mass (ICM) cell number and ICM/total cells ratio between them. Of 53 sister blastomere pairs in the same embryos examined there were 12 pairs (22.6%) in which both blastomeres developed to blastocysts, 16 pairs (30.2%) in which only large blastomeres developed to blastocysts, and five pairs (9.4%) in which only small blastomeres developed to blastocysts. Relative total amount of active mitochondria in small blastomeres were lower (P < 0.05) than that of large blastomeres and blastomeres from evenly cleaved 2‐cell embryos. However, there was no difference in relative density of active mitochondria in these three types of blastomeres. In conclusion, blastocysts derived from small and large blastomeres in uneven 2‐cell embryos had comparable quality in terms of cell number, ICM number, ICM/total cell ratio and distribution of active mitochondria. The results suggest that these blastomeres may contribute multiple offspring production in pigs.     

亚麻微生物脱胶技术的研究──1脱胶菌株的筛选

采用不同地域的１６个样品．分离脱胶菌１４８株，其中麻田土获脱胶菌１０５株，获得率居首位（３５％）．复选后６０ｈ完成亚麻脱胶的有９株，占所分离脱胶菌的６．１％；７２ｈ完成亚麻脱胶的１９株，占所分离脱胶菌的１２．８％，５株６０ｈ完成脱胶的菌株性能测定表明，它们均不分解纤维素，亚麻沤制后纤维外观性状优良；亚麻纤维中果胶残留量均合要求，Ｋｅ３４和Ｌｅ１０两株脱胶菌尤为突出，果胶钙含量为４．４３％和４．８％，折合果胶酸量为４．０７％和４．４１％；出麻率以Ｋｅ３４和Ｌｅ１０两株脱胶菌最高，分别为３１．１３％和３０．９２％，故均为微生物脱胶的优选菌株．     

BRCT repeats as phosphopeptide-binding modules involved in protein targeting

We used a proteomic approach to identify phosphopeptide-binding modules mediating signal transduction events in the DNA damage response pathway. Using a library of partially degenerate phosphopeptides, we identified tandem BRCT (BRCA1 carboxyl-terminal) domains in PTIP (Pax transactivation domain-interacting protein) and in BRCA1 as phosphoserine- or phosphothreonine-specific binding modules that recognize substrates phosphorylated by the kinases ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated) and ATR (ataxia telangiectasia- and RAD3-related) in response to gamma-irradiation. PTIP tandem BRCT domains are responsible for phosphorylation-dependent protein localization into 53BP1- and phospho-H2AX (gamma-H2AX)-containing nuclear foci, a marker of DNA damage. These findings provide a molecular basis for BRCT domain function in the DNA damage response and may help to explain why the BRCA1 BRCT domain mutation Met1775 --> Arg, which fails to bind phosphopeptides, predisposes women to breast and ovarian cancer.     

钢纤维混凝土在房屋建筑工程中的应用

分析了钢纤维混凝土的机理和特点,对钢纤维混凝土在房屋建筑工程中屋顶、楼地面、墙体及梁柱等方面的应用进行了研究总结,并展望了钢纤维混凝土的应用前景。     

Rural income generation through improving crop-based pig production systems in Vietnam: Diagnostics,interventions, and dissemination

Sweetpotato-pig production is an important system that generates income, utilizes unmarketable crops, and provides manure for soil fertility maintenance. This system is widely practiced from Asia to Africa, with many local variations. Within this system, pigs are generally fed a low nutrient-dense diet, yielding low growth rates and low economic efficiency. Our project in Vietnam went through a process of situation analysis, participatory technology development (PTD), and scaling up over a seven-year period to improve sweetpotato-pig production and to disseminate developed technologies. The situation analysis included a series of pig production assessments in several provinces in northern and southern Vietnam, and pig supply-market chain identification was conducted in 13 provinces. The analysis of these studies informed the project of the following: (1) appropriate locations for our activities; (2) seasonal available feedstuff and farmers feeding practices; (3) market fluctuation and requirements; and (4) feeding and management improvement needs based on which the subsequent phase of PTD was designed. The PTD involved a limited number of farmers participating in sweetpotato varietal selection, sweetpotato root and vine silage processing, seasonal feeding combination, and pig feeding with balanced crop-feed diet and silage. Six years of multi-location and multi-season sweetpotato selection resulted in a few promising varieties that yielded up to 75% more dry matter and have since been formally released. The most significant results of silage processing and feeding trials include improved growth, higher feeding efficiency, increased year-round local feedstuff, and considerable labor reduction from eliminated cooking and vine cutting. Once these technologies were developed, a farmer-to-farmer training model was designed for scaling up the adoption and impact. Farmer trainers from seven communes in seven provinces received training in these technologies. In turn, they undertook the responsibility of training other farmers on sweetpotato selection, processing, and feeding. An impact study was also administered to monitor and evaluate (M&E) the dissemination process and to document the impact of the new technologies and farmer-to-farmer training model on pig growth and farmer income generation. The results showed that both participating and non-participating farmers have taken up the technologies, although the former demonstrates higher rates of adoption than the latter. The participants also generated more income and saved more labor from the adoption of the technologies. While the scaling up and M&E activities are on-going, the project has since broadened from a sweetpotato-pig system perspective to a pig-cropfeed system perspective based on farmers needs. It has included other crop feeds such as cassava and peanut stems in the research portfolio. New technologies based on on-going PTD will continuously be incorporated into the future training curriculum.Dai Peters is currently a senior scientist with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) based in Hanoi, Vietnam. This publication is based on research conducted while she was a research scientist with the International Potato Center (CIP). She holds a PhD from North Carolina State University. Her research interests include on-farm participatory research methodologies, agroenterprise development, and sweetpotato-pig farming systems in Vietnam and Papua, Indonesia. Her recent publications include a manual on crop-based pig feed systems, post-harvest fermentation of sweetpotato roots and vines, and agroenterprise development.Nguyen Thi Tinh is currently a coordinator of the sweetpotato-pig improvement project at the International Potato Center in Vietnam. Ms. Tinh holds a Masters degree in animal nutrition from Wageningen University, Netherlands. She participated in the project on pig feeding trials for five years.Mai Thach Hoanh is a sweetpotato breeder with the Root Crop Research Center of Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute (VASI). He holds a PhD in sweetpotato breeding from the same institute. He participated in the project for seven years on sweetpotato selection. Nguyen The Yen is a crop scientist in the Food Crop Research Institute of Vietnam. He holds a PhD in sweetpotato breeding from VASI. He participated in the project for five years on sweetpotato selection.Pham Ngoc Thach is a lecturer with the Hanoi Agricultural University. He holds a PhD in veterinarian science from the same university. He participated in the project for five years in controlling pig diseases during the feeding trials.Keith Fuglie is a regional coordinator and research scientist in the International Potato Center based at Bogor, Indonesia. He holds a PhD in agriculture economics from the University of Wisconsin. He designed the impact study for the project.     

不同土壤湿度对棉纤维发育的影响

土壤湿度对棉纤维发育具有显著的影响.土壤湿度高,可以促进棉纤维的伸长和干物质的积累,加速可溶性糖向纤维素转化,提高纤维素积累能力.有利于棉纤维的发育;土壤湿度低.则抑制棉纤维的发育.在开花结铃期,土壤湿度为40％时.显著地抑制棉纤维发育,60％时基本上能满足棉纤维发育,80％时能较好地促进棉纤维发育。因此,在盛花期土壤湿度不应少于80％,如果干旱,应及时灌溉,补充土壤水分.     

越南马铃薯晚疫病的研究概况

晚疫病是越南马铃薯上最重要的病害。各马铃薯产区均有发生。在江河三角洲地区晚疫病的发生通常比较晚，从12月下旬即第二个生长季后半期开始发病，在1月至2月气温较低、湿度较大时，晚疫病常常严重流行。在Sapa地区（北京高原），整个生长晚疫病对马铃薯作物都是主要威胁。在感病品种上病害的发生和严重度可达到100％。在大叨地区，在干旱季节（11－4月）晚疫病发生最轻，而在雨季（5－10月）严重流行。在越南，还未进行晚疫病菌生物学和流行学方面的基础研究。对晚疫病防治研究主要集中在筛选新的杀菌剂。大部分工作集中在抗病育种和抗病品种的筛选。目前需要进行晚疫综合治疗、流行学、晚疫病菌生物学和抗病育方面的深入研究和培训。     

禹州大鸿寨景区药用植物资源及其利用与保护研究

通过2年的野外调查和室内分析,基本查清了禹州大鸿寨景区药用植物资源种类、生态环境及其资源特性。结果表明:禹州大鸿寨景区共有野生药用植物资源583种,隶属于118科366属,具有药材品质好、特色强、资源分布集中、开发潜力大等特点。针对目前开发利用中存在的问题,对大鸿寨药用植物资源的可持续开发利用提出了具体建议。