鬼臼毒素类似物结构与杀虫活性关系初探Ⅱ.构效关系分析及理想结构推测

以鬼臼毒素为原料合成了一系列衍生物。用质谱和核磁共振鉴定这些化合物的结构和构型 ,测定了其对 5龄菜青虫 (Pierisrapae)、3龄小菜蛾 (Plutella xylostella)和 3龄粘虫 (Mythimna separata)的生物活性。结果表明 ,具反式内酯环的鬼臼衍生物活性显著高于具顺式内酯环的衍生物 ,4位取代基对杀虫活性影响较大 ;推测出了较为理想的鬼臼毒素类似物杀虫活性物质的结构通式。     

湟中县加快农业产业化发展的思考

农业产业化是实现农业现代化的根本途径.就如何把握机遇,正确引导,积极、健康、稳妥地推进农业产业化经营,是当前农业和农村经济工作中面临的一项重要而紧迫的任务.     

A closer look into shrimp yields and mangrove coverage ratio in integrated mangrove-shrimp farming systems in Ca Mau,Vietnam

Shrimp aquaculture is the biggest source of export income in Vietnam. However, the development of the shrimp poses a serious threat to coastal mangroves by converting coastal mangroves into shrimp farms. Much effort has been made to replant mangroves and reduce the impacts of shrimp farming on the environment, and maintaining mangrove coverage at 30–50% of total farm area has provided the highest benefits in the integrated mangrove shrimp model. In this study, we re-examine the benefits of forest cover on the survival and yield of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in the integrated mangrove shrimp farming systems in Ca Mau province, Vietnam. The study found positive linear correlations of log transformed survival and yield of tiger shrimp with forest cover of the forms: Ln (survival)?=????1.39?+?0.038?×?forest coverage (r²?=?0.22; p value?=?0.0007); Ln (yield)?=?3.55?+?0.026?×?forest coverage (r²?=?0.16; p value?=?0.004). The households with high forest cover (i.e.,?>?45%) also had 1.07?±?0.29 and 1.39?±?0.36 (CI 95%, p value?=?0.000) kg ha^?1 higher yield per night harvest than those with medium and low forest cover, respectively. As a result, households with high forest cover have higher benefits than those with lower forest cover. Our findings together with previous published studies lead to the recommendation that farmers maintain mangroves in farming systems for better economic and environmental benefits.

     

Diagnostic real-time PCR assay for the quantitative detection of Theileria equi from equine blood samples

We developed a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the quantitative detection of Theileria equi from the in vitro-cultured parasite and field blood samples collected from horses living in Ghana and Brazil. The detection limit for the assay was determined to be 1.5 parasites/microl per sample, and the quantitative capacity was demonstrated using the in vitro-cultured parasite. For field applications, the real-time PCR assay was compared to a previously established nested PCR assay used as the gold standard for the real-time PCR assay. Of 65 field blood samples, 46 samples were T. equi-positive in the nested PCR assay, while the real-time PCR assay also detected the parasite in all 46 of the nested PCR-positive samples but did not detect T. equi in the remaining 19 negative blood samples. This quantitative real-time PCR assay provides a valuable tool for fast laboratory diagnostic assessment of T. equi infection in horses.     

基于RS与GIS的城市近郊土地覆盖/利用时空分异研究——以上海市青浦区为例

选择上海市青浦区为研究区,通过严格配准Landsat5 TM遥感影像序列,运用PCA-ISODATA方法进行影像分类及后处理并进行实地验证,制成土地覆盖/利用图。结合相关资料、年鉴,利用地理信息系统分析了1998—2007年青浦区土地利用变化的时空分布特征及其驱动机制。结果表明:新千年后上海青浦区土地利用变化主要表现在城镇建成区的大面积联合扩展态势,以东北部尤为强烈,深受离市中心的距离驱动,且离道路越近的土地越容易转变为厂房建设用地;耕地面积减少显著;林地由于植树造林或林业经济有所增加;西部湖区水面有所增加,受历史驱动为主,亦受水产养殖所需。从社会经济数据看,第二产业与第三产业的GDP都翻了2番以上,非农人口成倍增长与这种土地利用变化模式相互印证。1998—2007年我国村镇城市化、人口向大城市区域聚集主导着这种土地利用变化模式。     

基于耕地质量评价与空间集聚特征的基本农田划定研究

综合考虑耕地的自然质量、耕作条件、形态、空间分布等,以济南市为研究区,从自然禀赋、区位条件和稳定性3个方面选取11个指标,构建耕地质量综合评价指标体系,在耕地质量综合评价的基础上,采用局部空间自相关法定量刻画耕地质量的空间集聚格局特征,采用矩阵组合法进一步将耕地质量等级和空间集聚格局类型两两组合,综合确定基本农田划定类型。研究表明,济南市耕地区位条件较好,且区域差异最小,耕地稳定性和自然禀赋相对较差。济南市耕地质量以高和较高为主,二者分别占济南市耕地总面积的35. 12%和22. 67%,主要分布在济南市北部商河、济阳和章丘北部。耕地质量低等级的耕地面积最少,为475. 98 km~2,所占比例为11. 98%,主要分布在历城和长清。济南市耕地划分为优先划入型、适宜划入型和整治调控型3种类型。济阳、商河、章丘北部和平阴东南部的耕地质量高、集聚特征显著,应作为优先划入型,该类型耕地最多,面积为2 121. 23 km~2,占济南市耕地总面积的53. 38%;适宜划入型耕地质量也较高,并且多分布在优先划入型周边,对优先划入型耕地具有保护和缓冲作用,应与优先划入型耕地一起作为基本农田,以提高优质基本农田的集聚程度;整治调控型耕地面积为988. 98 km~2,占济南市耕地总面积的24. 89%,主要分布在中心城区和南部山区,该类型耕地质量低、集聚程度不高,开发利用时应注意生态环境保护,必要时可通过土地整治提高质量和集聚程度。     

Detection of DNA closely related to 'Candidatus Rickettsia principis' in Haemaphysalis danieli recovered from cattle in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Area, China

Tick DNA samples from cattle in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Area, China, were examined for Rickettsia infection by citrate synthase gene-based PCR and sequencing. Four positive samples were detected from Haemaphysalis danieli and high levels of similarity were found with recently detected 'Candidatus Rickettsia principis.'     

Development of a continuous cell line from larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its use in the study of the microsporidian,Loma morhua

In vitro cell culture methods are crucial for the isolation, purification and mass propagation of intracellular pathogens of aquatic organisms. Cell culture infection models can yield insights into infection mechanisms, aid in developing methods for disease mitigation and prevention, and inform commercial‐scale cultivation approaches. This study details the establishment of a larval cell line (GML‐5) from the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its use in the study of microsporidia. GML‐5 has survived over 100 passages in 8 years of culture. The line remains active and viable between 8 and 21°C in Leibovitz‐15 (L‐15) media with 10% foetal bovine serum and exhibits a myofibroblast phenotype as indicated by immuno‐positive results for vimentin, α‐smooth muscle actin, collagen I and S‐100 proteins, while being desmin‐negative. GML‐5 supports the infection and development of two microsporidian parasites, an opportunistic generalist (Anncaliia algerae) and cod‐specific Loma morhua. Using GML‐5, spore germination and proliferation of L. morhua was found to require exposure to basic pH and cool incubation temperatures (8°C), in contrast to A. algerae, which required no cultural modifications. Loma morhua‐associated xenoma‐like structures were observed 2 weeks postexposure. This in vitro infection model may serve as a valuable tool for cod parasitology and aquaculture research.     

长江流域典型区河-库水文网络连通综合评估

长江具备丰富的水资源和电力资源,近年来河网闸坝、水电等水利设施被大量建设,导致了连通性下降,从而带来一系列的生态环境问题,评估长江流域河-库连通性具有重要意义。本研究选择长江流域高坝大库（金沙江下游）、低坝枢纽（汉江中下游）和山区小水电（景谷）三种河-库连通类型进行研究。首先概化典型研究区河-库连通的水文网络模型,并将水电站、过渡区、河流汇聚点、闸坝作为重要的网络节点。然后基于网络的水文连通功能、生态环境功能和社会贡献功能构建水文网络连通评估指标体系,利用熵权模糊综合评估方法对典型河-库进行分析。结果表明,高坝大库和低坝枢纽连通性为四级（差）,山区小水电连通性为五级（极差）。并基于评估结果,对不同类型的河-库系统给出改善连通性的针对性建议。     

Establishing bacterial infectivity models in striped Catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage) with Edwardsiella ictaluri

A bacterial infectivity challenge model of Edwardsiella ictaluri in striped catfish was developed. All experiments were conducted using a bacterial isolate of E. ictaluri that had been recovered during a natural outbreak of bacillary necrosis of Pangasianodon (BNP) in farmed striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in Vietnam. Time of immersion in 10⁷ CFU.ml⁻¹ had a significant effect on mortality. The immersion bacterial dose of 10⁷ CFU/ml for 30 s resulted in a cumulative percentage mortality of 63%. Three to four days post-bacterial challenge, fish showed gross clinical signs of natural BNP and E. ictaluri was recovered and identified from these fish. Moreover, a cohabitation challenge was evaluated as an alternative challenge method, although the mortalities among the infected fish were lower at around 15%–40%. This study confirmed the horizontal transmission of E. ictaluri in striped catfish and elucidated that cohabitation challenge could be used in reproducing the disease under controlled conditions.