香菇原生质体单核体的再生与交配型的关系

在８个香菇菌株原生质体单核体交配型的测定中,有４个菌株测定出两种交配型,其余４个菌株只测得一种交配型。在得到两种交配型的菌株中,其交配型比例也不是１∶１。进一步的实验表明,产生这一现象的主要原因与两种交配型原生质体单核体的再生能力不同有关。在申香２号菌株１０７个单核体中,ＡｘＢｘ交配型只有２６个,而且都是在再生阶段的前期产后的,后期出现的单核体则都是ＡｙＢｙ型菌落。     

丰产优质多抗棉花品种西农棉1008的选育与应用

主要介绍西农棉1008的选育经过、特征特性、抗逆性、产量与纤维品质及其主要栽培技术措施。     

生防菌R-4的鉴定及其对玉米南方锈病的防效

对分离自玉米植株的内生细菌R-4进行鉴定,测试其对玉米南方锈病(SCR)的防病增产效果。用盆栽方法测定菌株R-4对玉米植株的促生效果,根据16S r DNA序列对菌株R-4进行鉴定,采用自然发病方式测试其对SCR的防病增产效果。结果表明,菌株R-4处理玉米的发芽率、播种后18 d株高、播种后28 d株高、植株地上部干重及根干重比对照分别增加17.19%、32.03%、41.80%、92.53%和37.03%。通过16S r DNA序列分析,将菌株R-4鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。菌株R-4在先玉335、银糯1号、浚单20上对SCR的防效达39.2%~92.1%(平均为65.7%),经该菌处理后玉米增产2.58%~9.02%(平均为6.66%)。     

Analysing taxonomic structures and local ecological processes in temperate forests in North Eastern China

Background

One of the core issues of forest community ecology is the exploration of how ecological processes affect community structure. The relative importance of different processes is still under debate. This study addresses four questions: (1) how is the taxonomic structure of a forest community affected by spatial scale? (2) does the taxonomic structure reveal effects of local processes such as environmental filtering, dispersal limitation or interspecific competition at a local scale? (3) does the effect of local processes on the taxonomic structure vary with the spatial scale? (4) does the analysis based on taxonomic structures provide similar insights when compared with the use of phylogenetic information? Based on the data collected in two large forest observational field studies, the taxonomic structures of the plant communities were analyzed at different sampling scales using taxonomic ratios (number of genera/number of species, number of families/number of species), and the relationship between the number of higher taxa and the number of species. Two random null models were used and the “standardized effect size” (SES) of taxonomic ratios was calculated, to assess possible differences between the observed and simulated taxonomic structures, which may be caused by specific ecological processes. We further applied a phylogeny-based method to compare results with those of the taxonomic approach.

Results

As expected, the taxonomic ratios decline with increasing grain size. The quantitative relationship between genera/families and species, described by a linearized power function, showed a good fit. With the exception of the family-species relationship in the Jiaohe study area, the exponents of the genus/family-species relationships did not show any scale dependent effects. The taxonomic ratios of the observed communities had significantly lower values than those of the simulated random community under the test of two null models at almost all scales. Null Model 2 which considered the spatial dispersion of species generated a taxonomic structure which proved to be more consistent with that in the observed community. As sampling sizes increased from 20 m × 20 m to 50 m × 50 m, the magnitudes of SESs of taxonomic ratios increased. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, we found that the Jiaohe plot was phylogenetically clustered at almost all scales. We detected significant phylogenetically overdispersion at the 20 m × 20 m and 30 m × 30 m scales in the Liangshui plot.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the effect of abiotic filtering is greater than the effects of interspecific competition in shaping the local community at almost all scales. Local processes influence the taxonomic structures, but their combined effects vary with the spatial scale. The taxonomic approach provides similar insights as the phylogenetic approach, especially when we applied a more conservative null model. Analysing taxonomic structure may be a useful tool for communities where well-resolved phylogenetic data are not available.

     

Optimization of curing process for polymer-matrix composites based on orthogonal experimental method

In this paper, the orthogonal experimental method was carried out to optimize the curing process of aeronautical composite X850/T800 in autoclave process. Four important curing parameters including curing pressure, heating rate, curing temperature and heat preservation time were taken into account, and sixteen samples were fabricated to study the effects of the four parameters mentioned above on the curing quality by interlaminar properties test and microstructure analysis. The interlaminar properties and the interfacial bonding quality of these samples were studied by the short-beam three points bending test and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Results revealed that the optimal curing process of X850/T800 composite laminate should be as follows: curing pressure of 0.6 MPa, heating rate of 1.5 °C/min, curing temperature of 160 °C, and heat preservation time of 120 min.     

Assessing freeze-tolerance in St. Augustinegrass: temperature response and evaluation methods

Winter hardiness is a major-limiting factor for St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] grown in the transitional climatic region of the United States. Lab-based freeze tests that mimic the range of field winter survivability in St. Augustinegrass can contribute to the selection of cold hardy genotypes. This study used a whole container method, four freezing temperatures, and two data collection systems to evaluate the freezing response of nine St. Augustinegrass genotypes ranging in their winter hardiness. Results indicated ?3 and ?4 °C with average regrowth ratings of 33.6 and 17.8% respectively, were more suitable temperatures for evaluating freeze survival in St. Augustinegrass than ?5 and ?6 °C with average regrowth ratings of 0.4 and 0%, respectively. Visual ratings of surviving green tissue and regrowth were generally well correlated when evaluated over a six week period post-freeze with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging of 0.17–0.62  for ?3 °C freeze tests and 0.79–0.93 for ?4 °C freeze tests. Additionally, measurement of percent green cover using digital imaging techniques commonly utilized in turfgrass field studies were significantly correlated (0.66) with visual ratings averaged across weekly post-freeze evaluation measurements for both ?3 and ?4 °C freezing temperatures. These results provide evidence that digital imaging analyses are useful in estimating surviving green tissue and regrowth in lab-based freeze tests. This study provides additional information regarding freezing temperatures, genotype responses, and data collection methods in St. Augustinegrass, which should aid breeders in the improvement of freeze tolerance in the species.     

再生稻生产面临问题及解决对策的探讨

水稻是我国重要的粮食作物之一,发展一季中稻加再生稻是提高稻米品质和种植效益的重要举措,也是农业供给侧结构性改革的措施之一。本文以衡南县再生稻生产为例,分析了发展一季中稻加再生稻的必要性及衡南县发展一季中稻加再生稻优势和存在的问题,并提出了对策。     

钾硅钙微孔矿物肥对水稻重金属镉的降阻效果研究

为了探明钾硅钙微孔矿物肥对污染稻田土壤重金属镉(Cd)有效性的影响,弄清其对稻谷中Cd含量的降低效果。采用田间小区试验和室内分析测定方法进行研究,试验设5个处理,处理1:对照(CK),常规施肥(40%复合肥450 kg/hm2);处理2:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥600 kg/hm2+常规施肥;处理3:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥750 kg/hm2+常规施肥;处理4:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥1125 kg/hm2+常规施肥;处理5:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥1425 kg/hm2+常规施肥。结果表明:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥可以显著提高水稻穗总粒数、穗实粒数和结实率,提高水稻产量,增产率达到7.5%~16.0%;增加土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,提高土壤pH值,降低土壤有效Cd含量,从而降低稻谷Cd的积累,最大降低稻谷Cd含量达到38.6%。钾硅钙微孔矿物肥要达到降阻水稻重金属Cd的最佳效果,施用量不能低于1425 kg/hm2。     

温度胁迫下沙葱萤叶甲小热激蛋白基因GdHsp20.6的克隆及表达分析

为明确小热激蛋白在沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica应对温度胁迫中的作用,采用PCR方法克隆沙葱萤叶甲小热激蛋白基因Hsp20（GdHsp20.6）完整的开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）序列,应用在线软件对GdHsp20.6基因进行生物信息学分析,通过原核表达技术诱导表达及纯化其编码蛋白,并通过实时荧光定量PCR（real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR）技术分析不同温度胁迫下GdHsp20.6基因的表达量。结果显示,GdHsp20.6基因ORF序列长度为543 bp,编码180个氨基酸,预测分子量为20.6 kD,无跨膜区和信号肽。GdHsp20.6氨基酸序列有高度保守的α-结构域。GdHsp20.6氨基酸序列与其它鞘翅目昆虫的Hsp20氨基酸序列有较高的一致性,其中与花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides的Hsp20.99氨基酸序列的一致性最高,为63%。GdHsp20.6基因在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）细胞系中成功表达,经异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷（isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside,IPTG）诱导后GdHsp20.6蛋白成功表达,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）和Western-blot分析表明融合蛋白大小与预测大小一致,并纯化获得了纯度较高的目的蛋白GdHsp20.6。低温（-10~5℃）和高温（35~40℃）处理1 h以及处理后25℃恢复30 min均能诱导GdHsp20.6基因表达上调,并且0℃处理30~120 min也能诱导GdHsp20.6基因表达上调。表明GdHsp20.6基因在沙葱萤叶甲应对低温和高温胁迫中可能起着重要作用。