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101.
Satoru Hobara Takashi Osono Keisuke Koba Naoko Tokuchi Satomi Fujiwara Kayoko Kameda 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):679-684
To evaluate the effects of avian-derived N deposition on forest C and N status, we investigated quantity and quality of litterfall, and chemical quality and N transformations in the forest floor from five sites that had been exposed to waterbird breeding colonies to differing degrees. The highest litterfall input of 2.6 t ha?1 month?1 was observed in the forest stand (Site 2) where intense bird breeding activity had been observed. Litterfall C/N was highest at the control site (no breeding activity) and decreased as the colonization stages advanced. Nitrogen concentration in litterfall and the forest floor was higher at those sites (Sites 3 and 4) where bird breeding had ceased and which represented the 'post-colony' situation, and consequently C/N and lignin/N of forest floor decreased. NH4-N pool size in the forest floor was higher at Site 2, probably due to ongoing input and mineralization of bird excreta. Nitrification rate and percent nitrification were highest at Sites 3 and 4. From these results we conclude that study sites exposed to bird colonies show signs of N excess even after colonies are abandoned. 相似文献
102.
Kazuyuki?Mori Yu?Sakamoto Nobuhiro?Mukojima Seiji?Tamiya Takashi?Nakao Takashige?Ishii Kazuyoshi?HosakaEmail author 《Euphytica》2011,180(3):347-355
Multiplex PCR is practically a reasonable choice for molecular marker-assisted selection in potato breeding. We had developed
and were using a multiplex PCR method for selection of resistance genes to cyst nematode (H1), Potato virus X (Rx1) and late blight (R1 and R2). Since then, more reliable and tightly linked markers for H1 and R2, and a new marker for resistance to Potato virus Y (Ry
chc
) were developed. In this article, all these superior markers, including a positive marker to eliminate PCR-failed samples,
were incorporated into one multiplex PCR assay. Using the newly developed multiplex PCR technique, five plants potentially
harboring all five resistance genes were selected from 96 hybrid plants approximately 5 h after DNA extraction, which is a
third of the operation time compared with separate PCR reactions for each marker. 相似文献
103.
Rice Full-Length cDNA Consortium;National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences Rice Full-Length cDNA Project Team Kikuchi S Satoh K Nagata T Kawagashira N Doi K Kishimoto N Yazaki J Ishikawa M Yamada H Ooka H Hotta I Kojima K Namiki T Ohneda E Yahagi W Suzuki K Li CJ Ohtsuki K Shishiki T;Foundation of Advancement of International Science Genome Sequencing & Analysis Group Otomo Y Murakami K Iida Y Sugano S Fujimura T Suzuki Y Tsunoda Y Kurosaki T Kodama T Masuda H Kobayashi M Xie Q Lu M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5631):376-379
104.
CTLA-4 control over Foxp3+ regulatory T cell function 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wing K Onishi Y Prieto-Martin P Yamaguchi T Miyara M Fehervari Z Nomura T Sakaguchi S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5899):271-275
Naturally occurring Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Here, we show that a specific deficiency of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in Tregs results in spontaneous development of systemic lymphoproliferation, fatal T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, and hyperproduction of immunoglobulin E in mice, and it also produces potent tumor immunity. Treg-specific CTLA-4 deficiency impairs in vivo and in vitro suppressive function of Tregs-in particular, Treg-mediated down-regulation of CD80 and CD86 expression on dendritic cells. Thus, natural Tregs may critically require CTLA-4 to suppress immune responses by affecting the potency of antigen-presenting cells to activate other T cells. 相似文献
105.
Cytokinin oxidase regulates rice grain production 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
Ashikari M Sakakibara H Lin S Yamamoto T Takashi T Nishimura A Angeles ER Qian Q Kitano H Matsuoka M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5735):741-745
Most agriculturally important traits are regulated by genes known as quantitative trait loci (QTLs) derived from natural allelic variations. We here show that a QTL that increases grain productivity in rice, Gn1a, is a gene for cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (OsCKX2), an enzyme that degrades the phytohormone cytokinin. Reduced expression of OsCKX2 causes cytokinin accumulation in inflorescence meristems and increases the number of reproductive organs, resulting in enhanced grain yield. QTL pyramiding to combine loci for grain number and plant height in the same genetic background generated lines exhibiting both beneficial traits. These results provide a strategy for tailormade crop improvement. 相似文献
106.
The first stars fundamentally transformed the early universe by emitting the first light and by producing the first heavy elements. These effects were predetermined by the mass distribution of the first stars, which is thought to have been fixed by a complex interplay of gas accretion and protostellar radiation. We performed radiation-hydrodynamics simulations that followed the growth of a primordial protostar through to the early stages as a star with thermonuclear burning. The circumstellar accretion disk was evaporated by ultraviolet radiation from the star when its mass was 43 times that of the Sun. Such massive primordial stars, in contrast to the often-postulated extremely massive stars, may help explain the fact that there are no signatures of the pair-instability supernovae in abundance patterns of metal-poor stars in our galaxy. 相似文献
107.
The Air noncoding RNA epigenetically silences transcription by targeting G9a to chromatin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nagano T Mitchell JA Sanz LA Pauler FM Ferguson-Smith AC Feil R Fraser P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5908):1717-1720
108.
Taguchi H Watanabe S Temmei Y Hirao T Akiyama H Sakai S Adachi R Sakata K Urisu A Teshima R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(8):3510-3519
Shrimp and crab are well-known as allergenic ingredients. According to Japanese food allergy labeling regulations, shrimp species (including prawns, crayfishes, and lobsters) and crab species must be differentially declared when ≥10 ppm (total protein) of an allergenic ingredient is present. However, the commercial ELISA tests for the detection of crustacean proteins cannot differentiate between shrimp and crab. Therefore, two methods were developed to discriminate shrimp and crab: a shrimp-PCR method with postamplification digestion and a crab-PCR method that specifically amplifies a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. The sensitivity and specificity of both PCR methods were verified by experiments using DNA extracted from 15 shrimp species, 13 crab species, krill, mysid, mantis shrimp, other food samples (cephalopod, shellfish, and fish), incurred foods, and commercial food products. Both PCR methods could detect 5 pg of DNA extracted from target species and 50 ng of genomic DNA extracted from incurred foods containing 10 ppm (μg/g) total protein of shrimp or crab. The two PCR methods were considered to be specific enough to separately detect species belonging to shrimp and crab. Although false-positive and false-negative results were obtained from some nontarget crustacean species, the proposed PCR methods, when used in conjunction with ELISA tests, would be a useful tool for confirmation of the validity of food allergy labeling and management of processed food safety for allergic patients. 相似文献
109.
To examine the rate of chemical weathering, field experiments using microweight-loss techniques were carried out. Two kinds of porous rhyolite forming lava domes in Kozu-shima Island were selected: (1) a younger rock (weathering period is 2.6 ka) and (2) an older rock (20 ka). Both rocks seem to have been very similar in their initial composition and structure. They have, however, different properties in the present depending on the difference in weathering period. Rock tablets of these rhyolites with a diameter of 3.5 cm and a thickness of about 1 cm were enclosed in a nylon mesh bag and placed in a soil–bedrock interface on a hillslope of central Japan for over 5 years. The younger rock has a lower weight loss by about 0.5%, and the older rock has a higher weight loss of 3% to 5%. These results show that older rock has a higher rate of chemical weathering than in younger rock. This supports Oguchi et al.'s (Oguchi, T.C., Hatta, T., Matsukura, Y., 1994. Changes in rock properties of porous rhyolite through 40,000 years in Kozu-shima Island, Japan. Geogr. Rev. Jpn. 67A, 775–793 (in Japanese, with English Abstr.); Oguchi, T.C., Hatta, T., Matsukura, Y., 1999. Weathering rates over 40,000 years based on changes in rock properties of porous rhyolite. Phys. Chem. Earth (A) 24, 861–870.) finding that the rate of change in chemical properties appears to accelerate with weathering time. 相似文献
110.
Atsushi Ikegaya Tomoaki Kawata Toru Ikari Yuji Emoto Yosuke Sato Takashi Takeuchi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2020,66(3):449-457
ABSTRACT The fertilizer absorption characteristics of strawberries are not clear, although appropriate fertilization is definitely necessary to ensure produce quality and quantity. This study aimed to determine the amounts of macro- and micronutrients absorbed during cultivation of strawberries and their biodistribution and utilization in the plant body. We cultivated Japanese strawberries ‘Benihoppe’ and ‘Kirapika’ in small hydroponic equipment containing a nutrient solution and determined the amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu, and Mo absorbed during and at the end of cultivation. The results revealed the adsorption levels of these elements during the cultivation period. The nutrient concentrations varied greatly among plant organs. In particular, P and B accumulated at high levels in the leaves and stem, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu accumulated in the crown, and N, Fe, and Mo accumulated in the roots. In addition, the uptake levels of N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu differed between Benihoppe and Kirapika. Our results provide useful information for determining fertilizer application rates in strawberry cultivation. 相似文献