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91.
A study was conducted in northwest Florida, USA, to investigate root development and morphology of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) trees in an alleycropping experiment. Root:shoot ratio, root biomass, total root length and root length density
were examined under three treatments: (1) barrier (separating belowground interspecific competition by trenching to a depth
of 120 cm and installing polyethylene barrier), (2) non-barrier (root systems were free to interact), and (3) monoculture
of cotton (without above and belowground interspecific competition with trees). Results indicated that plants in the barrier
and non-barrier treatments had lower root:shoot ratios compared to the monoculture treatment. Belowground competition for
resources between pecan and cotton in the non-barrier treatment resulted in 25 and 33% reduction of total root length (359 cm)
when compared to that of the barrier (477 cm) and monoculture (539 cm) treatments, respectively. The non-barrier plants also
exhibited the lowest root length density. Specific root length was highest for the monoculture (179 cm g−1) and lowest for the non-barrier treatment (146 cm g−1) with the barrier treatment being intermediate (165 cm g−1). Interspecific competition with pecan significantly altered root development and morphology of cotton plants. Research in
agroforestry should take into account the developmental differences in root systems of the associated crop species so that
better models incorporating nutrient and water uptake can be developed. 相似文献
92.
Optimization of the stocking parameters for mud spiny lobster Panulirus polyphagus (Herbst, 1793) capture‐based aquaculture in tropical open sea floating net cages 下载免费PDF全文
Divu Damodaran Kunnamangalam Mohammed Koya Suresh Kumar Mojjada Chauhan Devaji Lalaji Gyanaranjan Dash Vinay Kumar Vase Kannanchery Ramanathan Sreenath 《Aquaculture Research》2018,49(2):1080-1086
Mud spiny lobsters, Panulirus polyphagus (Herbst, 1793), were reared at four different stocking sizes and stocking densities in open sea cages to evaluate their effects on growth performance. To evaluate the effect of stocking size on the growth performance, the lobsters were segregated into four different treatment groups according to size and were stocked at a density of 300 animals per cage. To evaluate the effect of stocking density on the growth performance, lobsters of 81–100 g were stocked in four different stocking densities, i.e. 16/m2, 24/m2, 32/m2 and 40/m2. The results showed that the growth rate of (60–80 g) size group, was significantly higher compared to the size groups, i.e. 101–120 g and 121–140 g comprising of larger individuals. The final body weight, though significantly higher in 81–100 g as compared to 60–80 g, the growth performance (i.e. weight gain percentage (WG %) and specific growth rate (SGR)) were not significantly different. The density‐dependent influence on growth performance was evident in this study. The WG % and SGR during 90 days’ culture period was significantly higher in 24/m2 compared to other groups. This study provides crucial information about the appropriate stocking density and stocking size of lobsters at the field level, which would help to promote sustainable lobster cage farming by maximizing the production potential of the system. 相似文献
93.
Kochendoerfer GG Chen SY Mao F Cressman S Traviglia S Shao H Hunter CL Low DW Cagle EN Carnevali M Gueriguian V Keogh PJ Porter H Stratton SM Wiedeke MC Wilken J Tang J Levy JJ Miranda LP Crnogorac MM Kalbag S Botti P Schindler-Horvat J Savatski L Adamson JW Kung A Kent SB Bradburne JA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,299(5608):884-887
We report the design and total chemical synthesis of "synthetic erythropoiesis protein" (SEP), a 51-kilodalton protein-polymer construct consisting of a 166-amino-acid polypeptide chain and two covalently attached, branched, and monodisperse polymer moieties that are negatively charged. The ability to control the chemistry allowed us to synthesize a macromolecule of precisely defined covalent structure. SEP was homogeneous as shown by high-resolution analytical techniques, with a mass of 50,825 +/-10 daltons by electrospray mass spectrometry, and with a pI of 5.0. In cell and animal assays for erythropoiesis, SEP displayed potent biological activity and had significantly prolonged duration of action in vivo. These chemical methods are a powerful tool in the rational design of protein constructs with potential therapeutic applications. 相似文献
94.
D. N. Mugendi P. K. R. Nair J. N. Mugwe M. K. O'Neill M. J. Swift P. Woomer 《Agroforestry Systems》1999,46(1):51-64
A major challenge in developing agroforestry approaches that utilize tree-leaf biomass for provision of N to crops is to ensure
synchrony between the N released from decomposing prunings and N demand by crops. A study was conducted in the subhumid highlands
of Kenya to assess the rate of decomposition and mineralization of soil-incorporated Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner (calliandra)
and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (leucaena) tree biomass and maize roots (Zea mays L.) both in an alley cropping and
a sole cropping system. The amount of mineralized N peaked four weeks after planting (WAP) maize in all the treatments during
both seasons of 1995. Cumulative mineralized N at week 20 ranged from 114 to 364 kg N ha−1 season−1, the absolute control treatment giving the lowest and the prunings-incorporated treatments giving the highest amounts in
the two seasons. Total N uptake by maize, ranging from 42 to 157 kg ha−1 season−1, was lowest in the 'alley-cropped, prunings-removed' treatments, and highest in the 'non alley-cropped-prunings-incorporated'
treatments. The apparent N recovery rate by maize was highest in the fertilizer applied treatments in the two seasons. Decomposition
rate constants (kD) ranged from 0.07 to 0.21 week−1, and the rates among the different plant residues were as follows: leucaena < calliandra < maize roots. Nitrogen release
rate constants (kN), ranging from 0.04 to 0.25 week−1, followed a similar pattern as the rate of decomposition with leucaena releasing the highest amount of N followed by calliandra
and lastly by maize roots.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
95.
Agroforestry potential in the southeastern United States: perceptions of landowners and extension professionals 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The first steps in developing an agroforestry extension and training program involve compilation, synthesis, and analysis
of current knowledge on existing practices. Equally important is to understand the perceptions of landowners and professionals
of agroforestry as a land use option. No systematic effort has been made to assess these critical issues in the southeastern
United States. Therefore, needs assessment surveys were developed following an analysis of major demographic issues that frame
land use in the region and synthesis of information obtained from informal site visits and interviews with people engaged
in resource and land use in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. Surveys of extension professionals and landowners were then
undertaken in the states of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia to represent the southeastern region. In addition to getting insights
into the perceived benefits and concerns about agroforestry practices, the surveys indicated that the extent of alley cropping,
forest farming and silvopasture practiced by landowners was less than anticipated, and that the prominence of windbreaks was
overlooked by professionals. Managed riparian forest buffers or streamside management zones and windbreak technologies were
the most widely used forms of agroforestry in the study area, although landowners did not recognize influence of agroforestry
practices on quality or quantity of water among benefits of highest importance to them. Multistrata patio- or home gardens
were also a prominent landowner-practice and acknowledged by professionals. These survey results can be useful for developing
a relevant agroforestry extension and training program in the subtropical Southeast and may be of interest to agroforestry
efforts in other similar settings.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
96.
Govindraj Ramakantrao Bhaganagare Mahipal Singh Kesawat Basanta Kumar Das Arumuganainar Suresh Babasaheb Shivmurti Surwase Manorama 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2013,16(1):17-22
Rhizobia diversity is considered as one of the most useful resources for bioprospecting due to their symbiotic nitrogen-fixing ability with members of Leguminosae. The highly conserved nature of the nitrogenase reductase gene (nifH) makes it an ideal molecular tool to determine the potential for biological nitrogen fixation in any environment. In the present investigation, 250 rhizobial strains were isolated from legumes belonging to different geographical locations of Chhattisgarh, India. Genetic diversity of the nitrogenfixing bacterial community was analyzed using the nifH gene-specific primer. The polymorphism was found among the nitrogen-fixing population of different sources and origin but not in same source of rhizobia. Further, the symbiotic plasmid DNA was characterized on the basis of size and copy number of plasmids. The plasmid number varying from one to three in different rhizobial isolates had a size greater than 23 kb, while in some rhizobial isolates plasmids were absent. In addition, to examine the role of ascorbate in respiratory protection, the clear black spot margin of ascorbate was observed in the endodermis region of the nodule whereas scarcely dispersed in the infected region. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that knowing the rhizobial nifH gene diversity along with copy number of the plasmid is important for strain identification, deciding its fertility, productivity standards, and potential of biological nitrogen fixation across the geographical region. 相似文献
97.
Bioassay-directed isolation and purification of the hexane extract of Apium graveolens L. seeds led to the characterization of three compounds: beta-selinene (1), 3-n-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide (2) and 5-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (3). The structures of these compounds were established by using (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral methods. Compounds, 1-3 demonstrated 100% mortality on fourth-instar Aedes aegyptii larvae at 50, 25, and 200 microg mL(-)(1), respectively, in 24 h. Also, 2 inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Candida kruseii at 100 microg mL(-)(1). It inhibited both topoisomerase-I and -II enzyme activities at 100 microg mL(-)(1). Compound 2 displayed 100% mortality at 12.5 and 50 microg mL(-)(1), respectively, when tested on nematodes, Panagrellus redivivus and Caenorhabditis elegans. The triglyceride, 1,3-di[(cis)-9-octadecenoyl]-2-[(cis,cis)-9, 12-octadecadienoyl]glycerol (4) and 3 were isolated for the first time from A. graveolens seeds, although 4 was not biologically active. 相似文献
98.
Wendy Francesconi P. K. R. Nair Douglas J. Levey Jaret Daniels Laury Cullen Jr. 《Agroforestry Systems》2013,87(6):1321-1338
Agroforestry practices, such as Shaded Coffee and Homegardens, may provide habitat for forest butterflies and contribute to their conservation in fragmented agricultural landscapes. To determine the influence of agroforestry practices in an agricultural mosaic, the distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies was studied using a systematic approach that compared butterfly species richness in six land-use practices (Eucalyptus [Eucalyptus spp.], Shaded Coffee, Homegardens, Secondary Growth, Pastures, and monocultures of Cassava [Manihot esculenta] and Sugarcane [Saccharum officinarum]), and in natural habitat (secondary Forest Edge and Interior) in two study areas (agricultural landscapes). In each study area, Van Someren-Rydon butterfly traps were placed as a grid every 150 m, creating quadrants of 2.2 and 2.4 km2 that encompassed the different land-use practices. Land-use, plot area, number of traps and distance to the forest were set as covariates to compare species richness values. Butterfly species composition was compared using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). With the exception of Pastures, Cassava and Sugarcane, significant differences were not identified between the rest of the agricultural land-use practices and the forest habitats (edge and interior). The species composition in the agricultural practices was however, different to that found in forest habitats. Overall, Shaded Coffee practices that represent long-term mixed tree and crop stands have a better potential of conserving forest butterfly species compared to monoculture practices. 相似文献
99.
Nitrogen release patterns from seven leguminous trees were determined from 8-week laboratory incubations. The quantities
of extractable NH4
+-N and NO3
– released to the soil to which the leaves had been applied was determined at weekly intervals and was related to the initial
N, polyphenol, and lignin concentration of the leaves. Cumulative N mineralized was not correlated to initial N, soluble polyphenol
and insoluble tannin concentrations, but was correlated to lignin and neutral detergent fibre N (NDF-N) concentrations. The
ratios of NDF-N : N (r=0.68 at P<0.05), soluble polyphenol : N (r=0.70 at P<0.05) and (lignin+polyphenol) : N (r=0.75 at P<0.05) were negatively correlated with N release. Total polyphenol content was not a useful predictor of N release, but the
reactivity of the polyphenols as measured by their protein-binding capacity can be a useful predictor. In addition to measuring
the concentration of polyphenols, their reactivity with proteins must be measured, in order to assess their role in regulating
N release. The (lignin+polyphenol) : N ratio could be used to screen leguminous tree leaves for their potential to release
N in short-term experiments. This would allow for rapid screening of a large number of trees without detailed and expensive
field experimentation.
Received: 30 June 1997 相似文献
100.