不同保鲜处理对即食菠萝质量变化的影响

新鲜菠萝经机械削皮、去果眼、切分和清洗后用４种保鲜方法处理,分虽在４～５和１４～１５℃下贮存,并测定菠萝的呼吸强度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量,菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌和酵母及致病菌,进同时行色、香、味和质地等的感官评定。试验结果表明,含０．２～０．４ｇ／１００ｍＬ食盐、８～１２ｇ／１００ｍＬ蔗糖和０．３～０．５ｇ／１００ｍＬ柠檬酸的溶液于６６～７５℃处理３～６ｍｉｎ能使菠萝的生命活动维持在较低水平,保持菠萝原有的新鲜状况,且产品的各项微生物指标均符合即食产品的卫生要求。产品贮存在１４～１５℃下７ｄ或４～４℃下１４ｄ均无明显的质量变化。据此提出了即食菠萝产品的质量指标和要求。     

美洲黑杨基因资源收存及其遗传评价的研究

从１７个国家引进３３１个黑杨派无性系（其中５２个美洲黑杨无性系）,在山东省长清县营建我国第一个黑杨派无性系基因库。连续１０年对基因库内美洲黑杨无性系进行了多性状系统研究,结果表明各无性系间在物候期、生长、生根、抗寒和抗病虫等方面均存在着显著的差异,遗传变异丰富;系间的主要性状与无性系起源纬度及各性状间存在一定相关性。主要材料性状变异的研究结果表明,３８个８年生美洲黑杨无性系在木材基本密度、纤维长度无性系间变异达到极显著水平;木材密度和纤维长度与树高和胸径呈一定相关性;木材密度和纤维长度这两个性状在遗传上相互独立,受不同遗传机制控制。利用分子遗传标记ＲＡＰＤ技术研究库内美洲黑杨无性系ＤＮＡ多态性,结果表明本库美洲黑杨ＤＮＡ多态率为８６％,再次证明本库美洲黑杨遗传多样性高,可为我国杨树改良提供丰富的育种材料。     

粳稻超亲变异系籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶基因表达特性及序列变异分析

选用籽粒蛋白质含量有显著差异的亲本和杂种后代超亲变异系,比较分析灌浆过程中籽粒蛋白质积累特性、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性变化、GS基因mRNA表达量变化和基因碱基序列。结果表明,杂交后代通过籽粒蛋白质含量的连续定向选可获得超亲变异系,籽粒蛋白质积累量与基因型紧密相关;灌浆过程中籽粒GS活性呈单峰曲线变化,籽粒蛋白质含量与籽粒GS活性密切相关,而且籽粒GS活性也能产生超亲变异;在灌浆过程中籽粒蛋白质含量不同的亲本及超亲变异系籽粒GS1.3和GS2基因的mRNA表达量变化趋势基本一致,即随灌浆进程mRNA表达量逐渐增加,到抽穗后15~20d表达量最高,随后逐渐下降,呈单峰曲线变化;GS1.3和GS2基因mRNA表达量与籽粒蛋白质含量关系密切,GS基因mRNA表达量高的基因型籽粒蛋白质含量也高,而且超亲表达;尽管不同品种GS1.3和GS2基因碱基序列保守性很高,但不同品种水稻GS1.3和GS2基因的碱基序列和蛋白质氨基酸序列并不完全一致,存在着个别碱基不同的基因多态性,品种间有性杂交后代在基因分离和稳定过程中通过碱基的替换仍然能发生碱基的随机性变化及三联体密码和氨基酸的变化。     

Dormancy Characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ and Effects of Spraying 6-benzyladenine on Its Germination and Flowering in Long-day Treatment

[Objective] The dormancy characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were studied, and 6-BA was used to break the dormancy, with the aim to achieve the purpose of flowering in autumn. [Method] The new shoots of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were conducted with hydroponics to investigate their dormancy time. And cytokinin 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)was used to treat the dormant shoots, to investigate the budding, flowering and flower bud differentiation. [Result] The shoots in long-day treatment entered endodormancy after August 7~(th) and the shoots in the natural daylight entered endodormancy before July 18~(th). In long-day treatment, 116 buds, 198 flowers were observed after 6-BA spraying. [Conclusion] The optimum concentration of 6-BA was 300 mg/L. And the flower bud differentiation of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment was faster than those in natural daylight after 6-BA spraying.     

Effect of Scleroderma Spore Density and Age on Mycorrhiza Formation and Growth of Containerized Eucalyptus globulus and E. urophylla Seedlings

Greenhouse trials with containerized Eucalyptus globulus and E. urophylla seedlings were made to determine effective inoculum spore densities (Scleroderma cepa from temperate Australia, and S. citrinum from sub-tropical China) and spore storage conditions (fresh spores or spores stored for 5 years at room temperature or at 4 °C; S. albidum, S. areolatum and S. cepa from Western Australia). Inoculation with 10⁶ or 10⁸ spores/seedling increased eucalypt growth by up to 46% in height and 42% in dry weight compared to non-inoculated seedlings at 12 weeks after inoculation. Mycorrhizal formation was poor at 10² spores/seeding. Spores stored at 4 °C for 5 years were as effective in forming mycorrhizas as freshly collected spores when a standard density of 10⁶ spores/seedling was applied. It is recommended that spore densities ≥10⁴ be used for inoculation of containerised eucalypts and that spores be stored at 4 °C until use.     

Labile, recalcitrant, and microbial carbon and nitrogen pools of a tallgrass prairie soil in the US Great Plains subjected to experimental warming and clipping

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes are largely controlled by the small but highly bio-reactive, labile pools of these elements in terrestrial soils, while long-term C and N storage is determined by the long-lived recalcitrant fractions. Changes in the size of these pools and redistribution among them in response to global warming may considerably affect the long-term terrestrial C and N storage. However, such changes have not been carefully examined in field warming experiments. This study used sulfuric acid hydrolysis to quantify changes in labile and recalcitrant C and N fractions of soil in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem that had been continuously warmed with or without clipping for about 2.5 years. Warming significantly increased labile C and N fractions in the unclipped plots, resulting in increments of 373 mg C kg⁻¹ dry soil and 15 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil, over this period whilst clipping significantly decreased such concentrations in the warmed plots. Warming also significantly increased soil microbial biomass C and N in the unclipped plots, and increased ratios of soil microbial/labile C and N, indicating an increase in microbial C- and N-use efficiency. Recalcitrant and total C and N contents were not significantly affected by warming. For all measured pools, only labile and microbial biomass C fractions showed significant interactions between warming and clipping, indicating the dependence of the warming effects on clipping. Our results suggest that increased soil labile and microbial C and N fractions likely resulted indirectly from warming increases in plant biomass input, which may be larger than warming-enhanced decomposition of labile organic compounds.     

卡夫卡与陈染的语象比较

陈染和卡夫卡的艺术世界都是关闭的,“向内性”是两人作品的共同特点,表现了现代人孤独的自我意识,显示出现代人在思想和主体意识等方面的共鸣。     

硅对水稻吸收镉的影响

通过盆栽试验,以水稻土为供试土壤,采用完全因素试验设计方法,研究硅对土壤中外源镉的活性及其对水稻吸收镉的影响。结果表明,外源镉的添加量越大,水稻根、茎叶和糙米中镉含量越大;在外源镉的添加量为2和5 mg.kg-1时,施硅可降低水稻根、茎叶和糙米中的镉含量;随着施硅量的增加,水稻各部位的镉含量呈现降低趋势,且水稻根部和茎叶的镉含量比例上升,糙米的镉含量比例减少;土壤中的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态镉含量呈降低趋势,铁锰氧化物态、有机结合态和残渣态镉含量呈增加趋势。硅降低土壤中镉对水稻毒害的机制之一是硅改变了土壤中镉的形态,降低了镉的活性和生物有效性。     

施肥对热带雨林下种植砂仁土壤氮矿化和硝化作用的影响

采用封顶埋管法(Close-TopIncubation)研究了施肥后西双版纳热带雨林下种植砂仁土壤的氮素净氨化、净硝化和净矿化速率。结果表明,种植砂仁的热带雨林土壤有机氮的净氨化、硝化和矿化速率明显受外来无机氮的影响,施入铵态氮肥后,土壤中的氨化速率明显提高(P<0.01),由对照土壤的-0.66(mg·kg-1·30d-1)增加至施肥处理土壤的1.65(mg·kg-1·30d-1),但硝化速率和矿化速率却显著降低(P<0.01),分别由对照土壤的6.79(mg·kg-1·30d-1)和6.13(mg·kg-1·30d-1)减少至施肥处理土壤的2.60(mg·kg-1·30d-1)和4.25(mg·kg-1·30d-1),导致了土壤中NH4+-N的积累。     

单叶省藤组培苗造林初步研究

单叶省藤(Calamus simplicifolius C F Wei)是我国华南地区的优质商品藤种,其藤茎质量好,为编制家具的优质原料。70年代以来的栽培试验表明,它不仅适应性强,而且速生,可广泛栽培于海南、广东、广西、云南和福建等省区,为我国棕榈藤栽培的首选藤种。但野生资源由于长期过度采伐而枯竭,少量试验林未结实或结实甚少,推广栽培因种质资源奇缺而受到严重制约。通过组织培养等生物技术工厂化快繁单叶省藤,是解决扩大栽培种苗问题的最好途径。因而开展了单叶省藤组培和造林技术研究,现将组培苗造林试验结果及其特殊性予以报道。