小麦黑胚病菌及其分离方法比较

河南省小麦黑胚菌主要是交链孢菌[包括细交链孢菌（Alternaria tenuis)与极细交链孢菌（A.tenuissima)]和麦类根腐德氏霉菌（Drechslera sorokimiana)。检验小麦黑胚病菌以组织分离法最为准确,以清水培养法较为简捷。     

韩国农业机械化政策和产后加工服务组织改革

[韩国农业经济转变和农业机械化发展]韩国农业的经济形势在过去的40年间发生了迅猛的变化。自1962年以来的六个连续的"五年经济发展计划"使韩国经济达到了发达国家在工业革命之后的150～200年才能达到的经济发展水平。经济     

Effect of soil matric potential on tomato yield and water use under drip irrigation condition

Field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of soil matric potential (SMP) on tomato yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under drip irrigation condition in North China Plain. The experiment included five treatments, which controlled SMP at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter higher than −10 (S1), −20 (S2), −30 (S3), −40 (S4) and −50 kPa (S5), respectively, after tomato plant establishment. The results showed that different SMP affected irrigation amount and tomato ET. Irrigation amount decreased from 185 mm (S1) to 83.6 mm (S5) in 2004, and from 165 mm (S1) to 109 mm (S5) in 2005, respectively. The ET decreased from 270 mm (S1) to 202 mm (S5) in both years. However, it was found that SMP did not affect the tomato yield significantly, for the range of SMP investigated. Both WUE and IWUE increased as SMP decreased. The maximum WUE (253 and 217 kg/ha mm) and IWUE (620 and 406 kg/ha mm) were for S5 in 2 years, whereas the minimum WUE (178 and 155 kg/ha mm) and IWUE 261 and 259 kg/ha mm) were for S1 in 2004 and 2005. Based on the above results, therefore, it is recommended that if the tomatoes are well irrigated (SMP is higher than −20 kPa) during establishment, controlling SMP higher than −50 kPa at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter can be used as an indicator for drip irrigation scheduling during following period of tomato growth in North China Plain.     

Water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation

Two-year field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation on fruit yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency of table grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv Rizamat) in the arid region of northwest China. Three irrigation treatments were included, i.e. CDI (conventional drip irrigation, both sides of the root-zone irrigated), ADI (alternate drip irrigation, both sides of the root-zone irrigated alternatively with half the water) and FDI (fixed drip irrigation, only one side of the root system irrigated with half the water). Results indicated that compared to CDI, ADI kept the same photosynthetic rate (P_n) but reduced transpiration rate, thus increased leaf water use efficiency (WUE) of table grape. And diurnal variation of leaf water potential showed no significant differences during 7.00 a.m. to 14.00 p.m. in both years. ADI also produced similar yield and improved WUE_ET by 26.7–46.4% and increased the percentage of edible grape by 3.88–5.78%, vitamin C content in the fruit by 15.3–42.2% and ratio of total soluble solid concentration/titrated acid in both years as compared to CDI. Thus ADI saved irrigation water, improved the water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape without detrimental effect on the fruit yield in arid region.     

Vineyard evaporative fraction based on eddy covariance in an arid desert region of Northwest China

Studying farmland evaporative fraction (EF) plays an important role in interpreting the components of energy budget and evapotranspiration (ET). The present study examines the pattern of vineyard EF after monitoring energy components by eddy covariance for 2 years, and estimates the crop ET by EF in the arid desert region of Northwest China. Main results indicate that EF during daytime is nearly constant on sunny days when the available energy exceeds 200 W m⁻², but EF becomes relatively unsteady when the available energy is lower than 200 W m⁻². Furthermore, daytime average EF is relatively low in the early growth stage, nearly constant in the mid-later stage, and significantly reduced in the later stage; Moreover, mean EF in different periods of daytime is in good agreement with daytime average EF, mean EF during 10:00–15:00 h is relatively close to daytime average EF and mean EF during 14:00–15:00 h is approximately equal to daytime average EF. The estimated daytime ET from mean EF during 14:00–15:00 h is highly correlated to the measured ET by Bowen ratio-energy balance though the value is partially underestimated. This study demonstrated that daytime ET can be estimated from midday EF and the relationship can be used to guide irrigation practice in the arid region.     

区域人水和谐评价指标体系及评价模型

为了评价区域人水和谐程度,在阐述人水和谐内涵的基础上,根据复杂系统及和谐论理论,构建了区域人水和谐评价指标体系.根据集对分析和可变模糊集理论,建立了集对分析可变模糊集模型,评价人水复合系统发展态势;以合作博弈理论为基本思想确定系统"理想发展状态",结合距离协调度模型,建立了合作博弈距离协调度模型,评价人水复合系统协调度;以发展态势和协调度为基本依据,采用乘法合成模型综合评价区域人水复合系统和谐度.将上述模型应用于陕西省人水复合系统,评价2000—2009年人水系统和谐程度,评价结果显示陕西省人水系统和谐度呈现缓慢上升趋势,但均处于第I,II等级,属于不和谐或临界和谐状态.说明陕西省人水和谐程度仍处于较低水平,比较符合陕西省目前实际现状.将此模型与模糊综合评价模型的评价结果进行对比分析,评价结果基本一致,表明该模型有效可行,结果可靠.     

豫州褐壳蛋鸡Ⅰ,Ⅱ系杂交效果分析

对豫州褐壳蛋鸡Ⅰ、Ⅱ系杂交效果研究表明,其生活力、主要生产性能均有明显提高,健雏率、育雏率、育成率、产蛋期存活率分别达到９９．０２％,９７．８７％,９７．１２％和９３．３５％,开产日龄提早６￣９ｄ,全期产蛋２５４．２０枚,料蛋比２．４２：１。     

农田轻便土壤悬虚镇压器的研制与应用

针对目前旋耕机大面积应用造成的农作物播前或播后土壤悬虚现状,提出了农田轻便土壤悬虚镇压器研制的指导思想。研制出的镇压器主要包括牵引装置、轴承、压辊装置3部分,可满足不同农田所需镇压深度的要求,并对其提出了合理的工作参数。该机具克服了以住镇压辊质量固定、携带不便等缺点,灵活轻便、无需配套动力、生产和作业成本低、作业效率高,经不同农田镇压效果良好。     

Impacts of climate variability on reference evapotranspiration over 58 years in the Haihe river basin of north China

Physically, evaporative demand is driven by net radiation (R_n), vapour pressure (e_a), wind speed (u₂), and air temperature (T_a), each of which changes over time. By analyzing temporal variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET₀), improved understanding of the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes can be obtained. In this study, variations in ET₀ over 58 years (1950-2007) at 34 stations in the Haihe river basin of China were analyzed. ET₀ was calculated by the FAO Penman-Monteith formula. Calculation of Kendall rank coefficient was done by analyzing the annual and seasonal trends in ET₀ derived from its dependent climate variables. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was used to analyze the spatial variation in annual and seasonal ET₀, and in each climate variable. An attribution analysis was performed to quantify the contribution of each input variable to ET₀ variation. The results showed that ET₀ gradually decreased in the whole basin over the 58 years at a rate of −1.0 mm yr⁻², at the same time, R_n, u₂ and precipitation also decreased. Changes in ET₀ were attributed to the variations in net radiation (−0.9 mm yr⁻²), vapour pressure (−0.5 mm yr⁻²), wind speed (−1.3 mm yr⁻²) and air temperature (1.7 mm yr⁻²). Looking at all data on a month by month basis, we found that T_a had a positive effect on dET₀/dt (the derivative of reference evapotranspiration to time) and R_n and u₂ had negative effects on dET₀/dt. While changes in air temperature were found to produce a large increase in dET₀/dt, changes in other key variables each reduced rates, resulting in an overall negative trend in dET₀/dt.     

松辽生态区稻田雨久花的初步研究

本文通过对松辽生态区主要稻田杂草雨久花的系统调查，首次提出了本地区雨久花对水稻的危害，雨久花的出苗规律，雨久花个体发育规律，雨久花的发生消长规律。