甘蓝子叶作为外植体转Hyg~r－Km~r基因的技术研究

本文报告了以甘蓝（ｂｒｅｓｓｉｃａｏｌｅｒａｃｅａ）子叶为外植体，成功地将抗潮霉素（Ｈｙｇ~ｒ）基因和抗卡那霉素（Ｋｍ~ｒ）基因导入甘蓝品种，培育出转基因植物的技术研究成果．以ＭＳ为基本培养基，添加ＩＡＡ２ｍｇ／１，ＢＡ４ｍｇ／１，蔗糖２０ｍｇ／１和琼脂８．０ｍｇ／１，进行高再生率基因型选择，结果１９个品种的再生芽发生率在０％～９０％之间。对高再生率的品种进一步试验，进行不同激素浓度的适宜培养基的选择。结果表明：以ＩＡＡ３ｍｇ／１和ＢＡ４ｍｇ／１的ＭＳ固体培养基诱导甘蓝子叶，其再生芽发生率高达９５％～１００％；每个外植体平均可诱导出２．４～３．９个再生芽。抗生素耐性试验结果指出，培养基中含有５００ｍｇ／１羧苄青霉素几乎时再生芽的发生率和再生芽个数无影响，只是诱导的再生芽相对发育缓慢，体态弱小。用卡那霉素和潮霉素所进行的致死试验结果是：虽然致死率因基因型不同而有所不同，但培养基中含有Ｋｍ２０ｍｇ／１和Ｈｙｇ２０ｍｇ／１以上基本可以使所有的外植体死亡而无幼芽的再生。选择时期的试验结果显示，在外植体与ＥＨＡ１０１农杆菌共培养３～ｌ０ｄ范围内，共培养６ｄ和７ｄ进行选择分别获得３％～５％的转化率。     

四川地区黄粉虫越冬初报

1998年 11月～ 1999年 4月 ,笔者对黄粉虫幼虫、成虫和蛹的越冬进行了试验。结果 ,成虫全部不能越过冬季 ;蛹能越冬 ,但羽化后的成虫无翅或翅发育不全 ,仅少数发育正常 ,也无生殖能力 ;幼虫越冬较好 ,蛹羽化后形成的成虫能繁殖。因此 ,在四川地区自然条件下进行黄粉虫的养殖 ,应以 13～ 15龄幼虫越冬为好 ,否则只能进行升温养殖。     

苎麻苗期封行期植株营养诊断及调节施肥研究

以“养分指数”为依据对新栽麻和成龄麻苗期、封行期进行植株养分平衡营养诊断,结果表明,各时期养分元素障碍因子对产量与品质的限制程度依次为(1)苗期新栽麻B>Fe>Cu>S,成龄麻N>B>P>Fe>Cu>S;(2)封行期基础肥力较好的土壤上新栽麻Mg,B>Zn>K>Ca,成龄麻Mg,B>Zn>N,P>K>Ca;基础肥力较差的土壤上新栽麻与成龄麻Mg,B>Zn>N,P>K>Ca>     

福州国家森林公园人工群落结构与物种多样性

以福州国家森林公园主要人工群落为研究对象 ,分析了人工群落结构与物种多样性 .对不同地段的 3种人工群落类型样地材料分析表明 ,群落垂直结构较复杂 ,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层 ,人工模拟生态系统森林群落有数量较多的层间植物 ;植物物种多样性指数较高     

毛竹枯梢病林间流行动态的研究

据1989～1991年尤溪县东边村毛竹林定点观测结果表明,毛竹枯梢病在林间流行的时间动态应属于积年流行病害(单循环病害),逐年病菌数量递增和病害在林间扩散的速率是遵循罗辑斯蒂型规律,病株率和感病指数按2.5倍和3.4倍的速率逐年上升,一般4～5年濒临毁灭。病害流行的空间动态属于聚集分布型,发病初期有较明显的发病中心区,子囊孢子呈陡峭的扩散梯度传播,扩散的水平距离5～10m范围。病菌数量按“复利病害”逐年递增,病害在林间迅速扩散,则在初次发现零星病株就应彻底消灭。     

安徽省极端降水事件的时空分布特征及其对农业生产的动态影响分析

为了减少极端降水事件给农业生产带来的损失,使农业生产能够主动应对极端降水事件变化。基于安徽省17个城市逐日降水数据,使用百分位法计算了1965—2014年安徽省年极端降水事件,在此基础上使用线性趋势和EOF方法对其时空分布特征进行分析,并以计量经济学的结构向量自回归模型为基础,将1989—2013年的极端降水事件作为1个因子与农业总产值、国内生产总值、农业机械总动力构建了新的气候-经济模型,使用脉冲响应函数和方差分解定量分析了极端降水事件对安徽省农业生产的动态影响。结果表明:近50年,安徽省极端降水事件平均11.59次/a,无显著年际变化趋势。区域分布基本呈南多北少的特征,各城市也均无显著的年际变化趋势。EOF分析显示,安徽省极端降水事件有2种典型分布特征:第1种为全省变化一致,变化程度江淮之间多,南北少,变化中心位于江淮之间东部;第2种为南部和北部变化相反,变化的中心分别位于皖南山区和沿淮淮北中部。2种分布在时间上均以震荡变化为主,近5年全省分别表现出一致偏多和南多北少的分布特征。极端降水事件对农业生产总体为正向的影响,影响程度约为0.01%,但贡献比例比较低。     

Diverse Secondary Metabolites from the Coral-Derived Fungus Aspergillus hiratsukae SCSIO 5Bn1003

Three new metabolites, including a cyclic tetrapeptide asperhiratide (1), an ecdysteroid derivative asperhiratine (2), and a sesquiterpene lactone asperhiratone (3), were isolated and identified from the soft coral-derived fungus Aspergillus hiratsukae SCSIO 5Bn₁003, together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. In addition, the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by Marfey’s technique and an analysis of the acid hydrolysates using a chiral phase HPLC column. Among all the compounds, 6 and 8 showed medium cytotoxic activities against four tumor cell lines (SF-268, HepG-2, MCF-7, and A549), with IC₅₀ values ranging from 31.03 ± 3.04 to 50.25 ± 0.54 µM. Meanwhile, they strongly inhibited α-glucosidase activities, with IC₅₀ values of 35.73 ± 3.94 and 22.00 ± 2.45 µM, which were close to and even stronger than the positive control acarbose (IC₅₀ = 32.92 ± 1.03 µM). Compounds 6–8 showed significant antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, with MIC values of 10.26 ± 0.76 µM, 17.00 ± 1.25 µM, and 5.30 ± 0.29 µM, respectively. Compounds 9 and 12 exhibited potent radical scavenging activities against DPPH, with IC₅₀ values of 12.23 ± 0.78 µM and 7.38 ± 1.16 µM. In addition, asperhiratide (1) was evaluated for anti-angiogenic activities in the in vivo zebrafish model, which showed a weak inhibitory effect on intersegmental vessel (ISV) formation.     

土壤颗粒分布体积分形维数与数量分形维数之间的关系

土壤的体积颗粒分布(PSD)可用于同时确定数量分形维数(DN)和体积分形维数(DV)。以往的试验和理论研究均未直接比较DV和DN的关系。为建立DV和DN的关系并分析其参数的敏感程度,在中国各地取了12种不同质地土壤,利用激光粒度仪进行了测定。提出了含3个参数Rupper(颗粒半径的上限),Ri(第i个半径)和Rlower(半径下限)的DV-DN理论关系,该关系可说明为什么DN可能大于3。在未调整的幂定律范围内(PLR),DV的幂定律半径为38.6～85.8μm,DN的幂定律半径为53.2～358μm,估算的DV值(2.18～2.69)比DN值(2.38～3.19)小。调整后的PLR比未调整的窄。在调整的PLRs范围内,估算的DV值变化范围为2.11～2.56,而DN变化范围为2.28～3.02。调整和未调整PLRs得出的DV和DN的差异说明,Rupper,Rlower,Ri和Rlower/Rupper均可能影响DV与DN关系,有必要进行参数的敏感性分析。进行敏感性分析可基于敏感系数(C)来鉴别DV-DN关系中各参数改变所引起的DV和DN相对变化,从而找出对该关系影响最大的参数。就不同情况下计算的C值而言,Rupper是影响DN值的最重要参数,小的Rupper值可能导致估算DN的准确度降低。PLR范围越大,DN的估算越准确。根据DV估算DN的相对误差的绝对值在12%范围内,说明得出的DV-DN理论关系是正确的。     

企业社会责任对食品质量安全的影响

通过双汇“健美内”事件,研究了企业社会责任对食品质量安全的影响,认为当前食品企业的食品安全危机以及企业社会责任缺失危机,折射出构建企业社会责任体系的迫切性,食品企业亟需建设以企业道德为基础的企业社会责任体系,把企业社会责任落实到具体的质量管理工作上,重视产品质量和消费者的利益,端正发展理念,积极主动承担相关责任.     

Effects of foliar- and root-applied silicon on the enhancement of induced resistance to powdery mildew in Cucumis sativus

Two cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) cultivars differing in their resistance to powdery mildew, Ningfeng No. 3 (susceptible) and Jinchun No. 4 (resistant), were used to study the effects of foliar- and root-applied silicon on resistance to infection by Podosphaera xanthii (syn. Sphaerotheca fuliginea ) and the production of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). The results indicated that inoculation with P. xanthii significantly suppressed subsequent infection by powdery mildew compared with noninoculation, regardless of Si application. Root-applied Si significantly suppressed powdery mildew, the disease index being lower in Si-supplied than in Si-deprived plants, regardless of inoculation treatment. The resistant cultivar had a more constant lower disease index than the susceptible cultivar, irrespective of inoculation or Si treatment. Moreover, with root-applied Si, activities of PRs (for example peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and chitinase) were significantly enhanced in inoculated lower leaves or noninoculated upper leaves in inoculated plants of both cultivars. Root-applied Si significantly decreased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in inoculated leaves, but increased it in noninoculated upper leaves. However, Si treatment failed to change significantly the activity of PRs in plants without fungal attack. Compared to the control (no Si), foliar-applied Si had no effects either on the suppression of subsequent infection by P. xanthii or on the activity of PRs, irrespective of inoculation. Based on the findings in this study and previous reports, it was concluded that foliar-applied Si can effectively control infections by P. xanthii only via the physical barrier of Si deposited on leaf surfaces, and/or osmotic effect of the silicate applied, but cannot enhance systemic acquired resistance induced by inoculation, while continuously root-applied Si can enhance defence resistance in response to infection by P. xanthii in cucumber.