江苏地区小麦赤霉病菌种群检测与抗药性分析

本研究旨在检测江苏地区小麦赤霉病菌的种群组成与对传统杀菌剂单剂的抗性严重度。以江苏溧阳、通州和盐城地区小麦赤霉病菌子囊孢子为试材,鉴定其优势种群,检测对多菌灵、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺的抗性。结果表明：江苏地区小麦赤霉病菌株中全部检测到亚细亚镰孢,是绝对优势种群;禾谷镰孢占比最高是溧阳地区的14%,最低是通州地区的8%,平均占比为11.33%,显著低于亚细亚镰孢占比;江苏地区小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗性频率介于26.3%~54.5%;未检测到戊唑醇和咪鲜胺具有抗性的赤霉菌株。综上,江苏地区小麦赤霉病菌优势种群是亚细亚镰孢,其对多菌灵单剂已产生严重抗性,未发现对戊唑醇和咪鲜胺产生抗性。     

Relay-intercropping soybean with maize maintains soil fertility and increases nitrogen recovery efficiency by reducing nitrogen input

Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly.     

Genetic bases of source-,sink-,and yield-related traits revealed by genome-wide association study in Xian rice

The source-sink relationship determines the ultimate grain yield.We investigated the genetic basis of the relationship between source and sink and yield potential in rice.In two environments,we identified quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with sink capacity(total spikelet number per panicle and thousand-grain weight),source leaf(flag leaf length,flag leaf width and flag leaf area),source-sink relationship(total spikelet number to flag leaf area ratio)and yield-related traits(filled grain number per panicle,panicle number per plant,grain yield per plant,biomass per plant,and harvest index)by genome-wide association analysis using 272 Xian(indica)accessions.The panel showed substantial variation for all traits in the two environments and revealed complex phenotypic correlations.A total of 70 QTL influencing the 11 traits were identified using 469,377 high-quality SNP markers.Five QTL were detected consistently in four chromosomal regions in both environments.Five QTL clusters simultaneously affected source,sink,source–sink relationship,and grain yield traits,probably explaining the genetic basis of significant correlations of grain yield with source and sink traits.We selected 24 candidate genes in the four consistent QTL regions by identifying linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks associated with significant SNPs and performing haplotype analysis.The genes included one cloned gene(NOG1)and three newly identified QTL(qHI6,qTGW7,and qFLA8).These results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield rice breeding by increasing and balancing source–sink relationships using marker-assisted selection.     

柑桔黄龙病三种媒介昆虫的研究进展

柑桔木虱是传播世界毁灭性病害柑桔黄龙病的唯一虫媒,因此,科学合理防治柑桔木虱是治理柑桔黄龙病的关键措施之一。本文系统概述了柑桔上3种木虱的生物学特性、发生和扩散规律、与柑桔黄龙病的互作及传毒机制等方面的研究进展,以期为柑桔木虱的合理防治提供参考,为柑桔黄龙病的综合治理提供理论依据和借鉴。     

木耳菌渣稻苗基质化利用难点及解决技术

为有效转化利用废弃木耳菌渣,解决木耳菌渣稻苗基质化利用过程中出现的稻苗黄化现象问题,通过分析木耳菌渣理化性质及对水稻种子采取硫酸亚铁溶液浸种处理的方法,进行木耳菌渣稻苗基质化利用研究。结果表明:1)虽然腐熟菌渣的有机质含量、保水性及速效养分等特性有利于做水稻育苗基质,但盐分浓度较高、偏碱性、密度较小不适宜单一菌渣做育苗基质;2)单一菌渣基质培育稻苗,会出现黄化现象,原因在于单一菌渣基质有效铁含量偏低,造成了叶片含铁量少;3)硫酸亚铁浸种处理可以控制稻苗黄化现象,但会诱导植株株高伸长;4)0.014mol/L硫酸亚铁与0.051mmol/L多效唑混合浸种液在20℃下浸种处理3d,能够有效控制稻苗黄化现象和植株的徒长。同体积的腐熟菌渣和稻田土混合配制成的育苗基质,稻种采用硫酸亚铁溶液与多效唑溶液混合浸种处理的方法,能够育出壮实的大龄机插秧苗。     

天目山－怀玉山区水源涵养与生物多样性保护 重要区生态承载力评价

为了明确近10年天目山－怀玉山区水源涵养与生物多样性保护重要区生态承载力状况,基于社会发展压力、经济发展压力、资源环境支撑力和生态弹力构建评价指标体系,利用投影寻踪模型对2008—2017年天目山－怀玉山区水源涵养与生物多样性保护重要区生态承载力进行评价。研究结果显示,第三产业占GDP比重、人均国内生产总值、一般工业固体废弃物产生量及森林覆盖率对研究区城市生态承载力有较大影响。2008年研究区城市生态承载力评价等级基本安全的城市有6个,较不安全的城市有5个,不安全的城市有2个。2017年研究区城市里生态承载力评价等级较安全的城市有1个,基本安全的城市有1个,较不安全的城市有7个,不安全的城市有4个。2008—2017年5个城市生态承载力呈上升趋势,8个城市生态承载力呈下降趋势。研究区城市生态承载力在空间分布上呈现由中心向南北递减的趋势。     

不同土壤条件下施用硝化抑制剂DMPG对葡萄生长和品质的影响

为探究在不同土壤条件下新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPG)对鲜食葡萄生长的影响,以西昌克伦生和秦皇岛玫瑰香2个葡萄品种为研究对象,在田间试验条件下采用多点试验方法,研究DMPG对土壤养分、葡萄生长性状和品质的影响。结果表明：配施0.35%DMPG对土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均有显著影响,较CK处理土壤NH₄⁺-N含量增加17.58%～26.06%,NO₃^--N含量降低11.72%～27.42%;但对土壤pH、有效磷和速效钾无明显影响。DMPG处理对克伦生和玫瑰香叶绿素含量、叶面积和叶片厚度均有促进作用,与CK相比,克伦生和玫瑰香叶面积平均分别增加11.32%和9.85%,叶片厚度平均分别增加9.05%和16.22%。同时,DMPG处理可提高葡萄果实纵横径、百粒重和可溶性固形物含量,西昌克伦生3个试验点果实纵径、横径分别显著增加7.2%～11.04%、7.10%～9.82%,百粒重平均提高29.14%,而秦皇岛玫瑰香效果不显著。因此,在葡萄种植中施用DMPG能够调控土壤氮素养分,改善土壤肥力...     

我国苹果产业70年发展历程与展望

新中国成立以来,我国苹果产业经历了起步期、扩大期及平衡发展期,实现了苹果的稳定周年供应。随着时代发展,出现了苹果品种单一、平均单产低、盲目性发展、人力成本增加、新时代果农缺乏等问题,严重制约着我国苹果产业的可持续发展。根据我国国情和苹果产业发展重心,从技术提升、产业链延长、人才培养等方面提出了十点建议,以期为我国苹果产业可持续发展提供参考和帮助。