“猪—沼—菜”生态种植机械化技术的研究

研究了猪—沼—菜生态种植机械化技术的工艺路线、生产模式及其优点,介绍了江苏省赣榆县推广猪—沼—菜种植生物链模式的现状,分析了其经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。实践证明,组织实施以沼气建设为纽带的生态园富民工程,是生态农业建设的重要内容,也是促进农业可持续发展,构建社会主义和谐社会的客观需要。     

方便米饭加工工艺及生产原料适应性研究

选择12种我国不同产地的大米,通过相关性分析,研究方便米饭感官品质与大米主要化学成分及蒸煮性质之间的关系。结果表明,原料大米的主要化学成分与米饭的蒸煮性质对方便米饭感官品质有明显影响,特别是大米的直链淀粉含量与感官评定呈极显著负相关,硬度,胶稠度也都与感官评定有不同显著程度的相关性;直链淀粉含量低,胶稠度较低,含水量适中的大米生产的方便米饭有较好的感官品质。     

Location and transmission of QTL for multiple traits in the pedigree of soybean cultivars

In silico mapping for single trait was extended to analyze many agronomic traits in the pedigree of soybean. 26 agronomic traits were measured and 477 polymorphic markers chosen on public genetic map were genotyped on 14 inbreeding lines in the pedigree of Suinong14. We firstly determined 6 principal components from 26 agronomic traits using the principal component analysis and then constructed 6 “super traits” by the multiplication of the vector of the standardized original traits by the eigenvectors corresponding to the principle components. With in silico mapping, a total of 24 markers distributing on 13 linkage groups were detected separately as QTL responsible for 6 “super traits” and of which 14 QTL performed pleiotrpy. Tracing the transmission of functional genes in the pedigree, it was found that some genes were capable to explain the genetic mechanism for the contribution of exotic germplasms and domestic founders to soybean cultivars in the improvement of the performance and quality.     

Inheritance of red foliage in flowering dogwood (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cornus florida</Emphasis> L.)

Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) is an ornamental tree valued for its showy white, pink, or red spring bract display and red fall color. A “pseudo” F₂ flowering dogwood population was recently developed from a honeybee mediated cross of ‘Cherokee Brave’ × ‘Appalachian Spring’. The foliage color of 94 “pseudo” F₂ plants segregated into green- and red- leaved phenotypes and was visually rated for color on five spring dates over 3 years (2007–2009). Chi-square analyses of observed segregation of phenotypes indicated that a complementary gene interaction form of epistasis controls foliage color with a 9:7 two gene ratio. We propose the symbols rl ₁ and rl ₂ for the genes controlling this trait.     

Embryo rescue and plant regeneration following interspecific crosses in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hylocereus</Emphasis> (Cactaceae)

The aim of this study was to develop an efficient methodology to rescue embryos following interspecific crosses in the genus Hylocereus. Crosses between the diploids Hylocereus polyrhizus and H. undatus in both directions were performed. Fertilized ovules carrying embryos at very early pro-embryonic stages were excised from ovaries 5 days after pollination (DAP) and placed on half-strength basal MS medium containing 680 μM glutamine, 0.55 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.45 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) and various concentrations of sucrose. After 30 days in culture, ovules were isolated from the surrounding tissue and transferred to the same fresh medium. Significant differences were found between the main effects (cross and sucrose concentration) in ovule response, i.e., increased ovule size and callus formation. The best responses were obtained in the cross: H. polyrhizus × H. undatus; and sucrose concentration of 0.09 M. In terms of embryo conversion, polyembryony and number of regenerated plants, the highest responses were observed on the culture medium supplemented with 0.17 M sucrose in both interspecific crosses. All tested plants were found to be diploid by flow cytometric analyses. Fluorescent amplified—fragment length polymorphism (fAFLP) confirmed the hybrid origin of the regenerated plants. This study reports on the success of a three-step embryo rescue procedure for Hylocereus species. The procedure developed here provides the means for producing plants from very-early embryo stage, thus expanding the prospects for vine-cactus breeding programs.     

Demand-driven breeding of food legumes for plant-nutrient relations in the tropics and the sub-tropics: serving the farmers; not the crops!

A number of improved cultivars of food legume crops have been developed and released in the tropics and the sub-tropics. Most of these cultivars have been developed through conventional breeding approaches based on the development of crop varieties under optimum soil fertility levels. Nevertheless, it is hardly possible to say that the varietal provisions made by the past approach have been readily accepted, and properly utilized to boost productivity of food legumes grown by resource-poor farmers. The approach itself did not fully appreciate the actual circumstances of the resource-poor farmers where marginal production systems prevail and the poorest farmers could not afford to use cultivars developed under optimum soil fertility level. Therefore, the limitations and strategic implications of past experiences made to develop crop cultivars need to be analyzed in order to formulate better strategies and approaches in the future. The main purpose of this article is to review the efforts made, the technical difficulties associated with the genetic improvement in food legumes as related to plant-nutrient relations, causes of limited breeding success and thereby draw lessons useful to designing future breeding strategies. The scope of nutrient deficiency stress and the approaches to breeding for plant-nutrient relations are discussed and the need for refining the approach and better targeting of the breeding methodologies suggested.     

Genome composition of ‘Elatior’-begonias hybrids analyzed by genomic in situ hybridisation

Interspecific hybridization of various tuberous Begonia species hybrids with Begonia socotrana results in so-called ‘Elatior’-begonias hybrids (B. × hiemalis Fotsch). In our study, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) has been employed to assess the genome composition in eleven ‘Elatior’-begonias hybrids and their ancestor genotypes. Genomic DNA of tuberous Begonia was sonicated to 1–10-kb fragments, labelled by nick translation with digoxigenin-11-dUTP and used as a probe whereas B. socotrana DNA was autoclaved to 100 bp fragments and used as block. The genome of tuberous Begonia was clearly pronounced in ‘Elatior’-begonias when the probe concentration was ~3.75 ng/μl (150 ng/slide), with 30 times the excess of B. socotrana blocking DNA and stringency of post hybridization washings at 73% (0.1× SSC at 42°C). In ‘Elatior’-begonias hybrids GISH distinguished two groups comprising short (0.6–1.03 μm in length) and relatively longer chromosomes (1.87–3.88 μm) which represent B. socotrana and tuberous Begonia genomes, respectively. The number of chromosomes derived from tuberous Begonia ranged from 14 to 56 and for B. socotrana from 7 to 28 which suggest the presence of different ploidy levels in analyzed ‘Elatior’-begonia hybrids. Intergenomic recombination has not been detected through GISH in hybrids analyzed. Genomic in situ hybridization turned out to be useful to identify the genome constitution of ‘Elatior’-begonia hybrids and thus gain an insight into the origins of these cultivars. This knowledge on the ploidy level and genome composition is essential for further progress in breeding Begonias.     

Genetic variation and environmental stability of grain mineral nutrient concentrations in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum dicoccoides</Emphasis> under five environments

Nineteen wild emmer wheat [Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (Körn.) Thell.] genotypes were evaluated for the grain concentrations of phosphorous (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and cooper (Cu) under five different environments in Turkey and Israel. Each mineral nutrient has been investigated for the (1) genotype by environment (G × E) interactions, (2) genotype stability, (3) correlation among minerals and (4) mineral stability. Among the macronutrients analyzed, grain concentrations of Ca (range 338–2,034 mg kg^?1) and S (range 0.18–0.43%) showed the largest variation. In the case of micronutrients, the largest variation was observed in the grain Mn concentration (range 13–87 mg kg^?1). Grain concentrations of Fe and Zn also showed important variation (range 27–86 and 39–115 mg kg^?1, respectively). Accessions with higher nutrient concentrations (especially Zn and Fe) had also greater grain weight, suggesting that higher grain Zn and Fe concentrations are not necessarily related to small grain size or weight. Analysis of variance showed that environment was the most important source of variation for K, S, Ca, Fe, Mn and Zn, explaining between 44 and 78% of the total variation and G × E explained between 20 and 40% of the total variation in all the minerals, except for S and Zn where its effect accounted for less than 16%. Genotype was the most important source of variation for Cu (explaining 38% of the total variation). However, genotype effect was also important for Mg, Mn, Zn and S. Sulfur and Zn showed the largest heritability values (77 and 72%, respectively). Iron exhibited low heritability and high ratio value between the G × E and genotype variance components \( \left( {\sigma_{\text{GE}}^{2} /\sigma_{G}^{2} } \right) \), suggesting that specific adaptation for this mineral could be positively exploited. The wild emmer germplasm tested in the current study revealed some outstanding accessions (such as MM 5/4 and 24-39) in terms of grain Zn and Fe concentrations and environmental stability that can be used as potential donors to enhance grain micronutrient concentrations in wheats.     

Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling powdery mildew resistance in Mungbean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna radiata</Emphasis> (L.) Wilczek)

Powdery mildew disease in mungbean is caused by the fungus, Erysiphe polygoni D.C. We identified two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling resistance to the disease in a RIL population of 190 F₇ lines. The population was developed from the cross between a susceptible cultivar, “Kamphaeng Saen 1” and a resistant line, “VC6468-11-1A”. Reaction to the disease was evaluated for resistance in field and greenhouse conditions. Results from analysis of variance revealed that 15 SSR loci on three linkage groups (LG) associated with the resistance. Composite interval mapping consistently identified two QTLs on two LGs, qPMR-1 and qPMR-2, conferring the resistance. qPMR-1 and qPMR-2 accounted for 20.10 and 57.81% of the total variation for plant response to the disease, respectively. Comparison based on common markers used in our and previous studies suggested that qPMR-2 is possibly the same as the major QTL reported earlier using another resistant source. The SSR markers flanking and closely linked to qPMR-1 (CEDG282 and CEDG191) and qPMR-2 (MB-SSR238 and CEDG166) are useful for marker-assisted selection for mungbean resistance to powdery mildew.