基于横向力系数的汽车急转防侧翻车速计算模型与仿真

针对汽车转向行驶时常因车速过快而引发侧翻事故这一问题,通过建立车辆转向行驶的力学模型,分别对刚性车体和考虑悬架作用车体在急转工况下的受力状况进行分析;在分析车辆转向时横向载荷转移、悬架运动等因素对横向力系数影响的基础上,将横向力系数的计算方法进行改进;根据横向力系数与车速间的关系,建立了基于横向力系数的汽车急转工况防侧翻临界安全车速计算模型;选用某型商用车结构参数为例,通过Matlab软件仿真的方法将所建立模型与其他4种弯道安全车速计算模型进行对比分析,该模型所得临界安全车速处于其他4种车速模型所得结果的区间内;同时,采用车辆动力学软件Truck Sim进行不同转弯半径下的车辆转向侧翻仿真对该模型进行验证,模型所得安全车速值比Truck Sim软件仿真所得侧翻临界车速值约小10%。该研究为急转工况下车辆的侧翻评价以及车辆转向行驶的主动安全控制提供了参考。     

应用数字图像技术进行水稻氮素营养诊断

【目的】研究田间试验条件下水稻不同生育期冠层图像色彩参数(G、NRI、NGI、NBI、G/R和G/B)及植株氮素营养指标(叶片含氮量、植株全氮含量、生物量、氮素累积量和冠层NDVI值)的时空变化特征,并分析两者间的相关性,确立水稻氮素营养诊断的最佳色彩参数和方程模型,为探明数码相机在水稻上的适宜性及精确诊断水稻氮素营养状况提供理论基础。【方法】于2013年5月9月在湖北省武汉市华中农业大学试验基地(30°28'08'N,114°21'36'E)采用不同施氮处理的田间试验,以籼型两系杂交稻"两优6326"为供试作物,设置4个施氮水平:0、75、150和225 kg/hm2(分别以N0、N75、150和N225表示),3次重复,随机区组排列。分别在水稻分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期采用数码相机(Nikon-D700,1200万像素)获取水稻冠层图像,应用Adobe photoshop7.0软件直方图程序提取图像的红光值R、绿光值G和蓝光值B,研究数码相机进行水稻氮素营养诊断色彩参数,确定植株氮素营养指标诊断模型。【结果】较对照(N0)相比,分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期3个施氮处理水稻地上部生物量、叶片含氮量、植株全氮含量、氮素累积量、冠层NDVI值和成熟期产量增幅分别平均为40.7%98.0%、42.4%72.4%、36.2%85.3%、125.5%209.1%、51.3%60.6%和60.1%117.0%,差异显著。水稻不同生育期各冠层数字化指标G、NRI、NGI、NBI、G/R和G/B与上述氮素营养参数相关性差异较大,且以数字图像红光标准化值NRI表现最佳,建议作为应用数码相机进行水稻氮素营养诊断的最佳冠层图像色彩参数指标。进一步分析表明,可以用统一的线性回归方程来描述不同生育期、不同氮素水平下水稻植株氮素营养指标随冠层色彩参数NRI的变化模式。【结论】数码相机进行水稻氮素营养诊断测试结果稳定,具有快速、便捷、非破坏性等优点,冠层色彩参数NRI与水稻氮素营养指标和产量之间均表现出较好的相关性,满足氮素营养无损诊断的需求,对实时、快速监测水稻长势状况及氮素营养丰缺水平具有较高的可行性,有望发展成为新时期作物氮素营养无损诊断技术的潜力。     

天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放量估算及分布特征分析

氮素是作物生长的必要营养元素,氮肥施用过程中,会导致氨的挥发,而氨是形成可吸入颗粒物的重要前体物,为了解天津市农田氮肥施用过程中氨的排放,为天津市空气污染治理提供技术支撑,通过获取天津市不同农作物的不同氮肥种类施用量,依据国家环保部推荐的排放因子法和天津市的年均温度,对天津市农田氮肥施用过程中氨的排放量进行了估算和时空分布特征分析。结果表明,2014年天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放量为17 999.91 t,排放强度为3.27 t·km-2;从氮肥种类上看,尿素是最大排放源,贡献率为83.13%,其次是碳铵(13.83%),其他氮肥占比为3.04%;从农作物类型上看,蔬菜是最大的排放源,贡献率为38.91%,其次是玉米(29.43%)和小麦(19.66%),其他作物占比为12.00%。氨的排放系数具有明显的时间特征:中午高,夜间低;8月份最高,1月份最低。在各区县中,武清区氨排放量最大,贡献率为27.06%;津南区氨排放量最小,贡献率为1.14%;另外,宝坻区和蓟县的氨排放量也较高,贡献率分别为20.71%、17.86%。氨具有较强的空间分布差异性,在有氮肥施用的农田排放较高,其他区域排放较低。因此在控制天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放中应加强对武清区、宝坻区、蓟县等区县6—8月份蔬菜种植过程中尿素的科学施用。农田氨的时空分布特征可为天津市空气污染的防治提供科学依据。     

长期定位施肥对土壤重金属含量的影响及环境评价

以设置在陕西合阳县28年的长期定位施肥试验为依托,研究不同施肥对土壤Cd、Cr、As、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni含量的影响,并以GB15618-1995中国土壤环境质量标准二级标准为标准,通过单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤环境质量进行评价。结果表明,氮磷有机肥配施、氮磷化肥+秸秆覆盖、氮磷有机肥+秸秆覆盖能增加土壤Cu、Zn、As、Pb的含量,降低土壤Hg含量,对土壤Cd、Cr、Ni的影响不显著;施用氮磷化肥对各种重金属的影响不明显。各处理单项污染指数为0.069 5～0.499 0,内梅罗综合污染指数为0.367 9～0.395 1,试验区土壤均未受到重金属污染。施肥使Hg含量的降低程度明显大于使Pb、As、Cu、Zn的升高程度,因此对综合污染指数的影响较小,变化幅度为-0.2%～7.2%。     

南洞庭湖洲垸土壤中四种重金属的分布特征及污染状况评价

对南洞庭湖10个洲垸地点的土壤进行了4种重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Sb含量的测定与分析,并运用地积累指数法对每种重金属的污染状况进行初步评价,结果表明,重金属Cd的污染普遍较为严重;重金属Pb未达到明显的污染水平;重金属Cu的污染程度虽较轻,但需控制其发展;重金属Sb在某些地点污染较严重,其分布规律呈现较强的不均衡性。     

Agronomical,quality, and molecular characterization of twenty Italian emmer wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum dicoccon</Emphasis>) accessions

Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank, 2n = 4x = 28) consists in a hulled wheat; its cultivation has been drastically reduced during the last century as a consequence of its low yield. Recently, its agronomic and nutritive values, as well as the increase of popularity of organic agriculture, have led to a renewed interest making its cultivation economically viable in the marginal lands with an increase of the cultivated areas. In Italy, it mainly survives in few marginal lands of central and southern Italy, where local varieties, adapted to the natural environment from where they originate, are used; moreover, some selected lines have also been developed. In the present work, agro-morphological and qualitative traits, together with molecular analyses of 20 emmer accessions consisting of Italian landraces, breeding lines, and cultivars, were performed. The field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years (2001/2002–2002/2003) in two locations: Viterbo in central Italy, and Foggia in south Italy. The analyzed emmer wheat accessions showed a good amount of genetic variability for both evaluated agro-morphological and molecular traits. This study illustrates an increase in earliness, GY, TW, TKW, and YI going from landraces, breeding lines to cultivars, while the variability does not change proportionally.     

Nomenclature and genetic relationships of apples and pears from Terceira Island

Heritage apple (Malus domestica Borkh. hybrids) and pear (Pyrus communis L. hybrid) trees grow in villages throughout Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. Some of these pears have different names but similar morphology. The objective of this study was to determine synonymy, homology, and phylogeny of apples and pears from Terceira and to examine potential relationships of the island pears with standard apples and pears of Portuguese or American descent. Nine apple microsatellite markers were used to determine genetic relationships. Distance- and parsimony-based cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into separate apple and pear clades. The Terceira apples were divided into two clades: the maçā and the reineta-reinette. Among the 17 heritage apple genotypes, seven unique accessions were identified and four groups of synonyms, or possibly clones, were detected including: ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares; ‘Reineta Castanha’ and ‘Reineta Verde Miuda’; ‘Maçā Pêra,’ ‘Maçā Calhau’, ‘Pêro Branco’ from Salga and from Terra-Chā and ‘Maçā Marmelo’; and the five genotypes ‘Maçā Sao Joao’, ‘Malápio Rosa’, ‘Maçā Gaspar’, ‘Maçā Branca’ and ‘Maçā Pato’. In addition, two homonyms were detected. ‘Pêro Vermelho’ from Terra Chā was a separate genotype from a tree from Doze Ribeiras of the same name, but Pêro Branco from Terra Chā appears to be a clone that can be distinguished by an additional allele at CH1F07a from a tree with that name from Salga. One pair of apple clones, ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares appear to be derived from an unreduced gamete of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Another apple genotype ‘Maçā Acida’ could be a sibling of the ‘Maçā Pêra’ clonal group. Other tested standard apples from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Of the seven heritage pears, five unique genotypes and one pair of synonyms were detected. ‘Pêra Papo Pintassilgo’ from Raminho and ‘Pêra Vermelha’ from the nursery of Serviço de Desenvolvimento Agario da Terceira (SDAT) were synonyms. ‘Passans du Portugal’ was related to ‘Pêra Cabaca’ but other standard pears from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Future studies will include additional apple and pear cultivars from other Islands of the Azores and continental Portugal, and wild Asian species to further explore genetic relationships.     

Salinity and sodicity effects on respiration and microbial biomass of soil

An understanding of the effects of salinity and sodicity on soil carbon (C) stocks and fluxes is critical in environmental management, as the areal extents of salinity and sodicity are predicted to increase. The effects of salinity and sodicity on the soil microbial biomass (SMB) and soil respiration were assessed over 12weeks under controlled conditions by subjecting disturbed soil samples from a vegetated soil profile to leaching with one of six salt solutions; a combination of low-salinity (0.5dSm⁻¹), mid-salinity (10dSm⁻¹), or high-salinity (30dSm⁻¹), with either low-sodicity (sodium adsorption ratio, SAR, 1), or high-sodicity (SAR 30) to give six treatments: control (low-salinity low-sodicity); low-salinity high-sodicity; mid-salinity low-sodicity; mid-salinity high-sodicity; high-salinity low-sodicity; and high-salinity high-sodicity. Soil respiration rate was highest (56–80mg CO₂-C kg⁻¹ soil) in the low-salinity treatments and lowest (1–5mg CO₂-C kg⁻¹ soil) in the mid-salinity treatments, while the SMB was highest in the high-salinity treatments (459–565mg kg⁻¹ soil) and lowest in the low-salinity treatments (158–172mg kg⁻¹ soil). This was attributed to increased substrate availability with high salt concentrations through either increased dispersion of soil aggregates or dissolution or hydrolysis of soil organic matter, which may offset some of the stresses placed on the microbial population from high salt concentrations. The apparent disparity in trends in respiration and the SMB may be due to an induced shift in the microbial population, from one dominated by more active microorganisms to one dominated by less active microorganisms.     

Patterns of SSR variation in bread wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) seeds under ex situ genebank storage and accelerated ageing

Maintaining seed viability and germplasm integrity is a challenging task in conservation of plant genetic resources, as seeds under storage will lose viability and genetic changes will occur. Attempt was made to analyze the patterns of genetic changes in wheat germplasm under ex situ genebank storage and accelerated ageing treatments. A set of 16 naturally aged wheat accessions under ex situ genebank storage since 1994 were sampled. Four recently regenerated wheat accessions were selected, four random seed samples were chosen from each accession, and three of them were exposed to three different accelerated ageing treatments. These 32 seed samples in two germplasm sets displayed a range of germination rates from 4 to 98 %. Thirty-seven microsatellite markers representing 21 wheat chromosomes were applied to screen 12 seeds of each sample and 449 SSR alleles were scored. Large SSR variation was found in each germplasm set. There was 73.1 % of the total SSR variation present among the naturally aged samples and 78.2 % present among the accelerated ageing samples. Several analyses for genetic association consistently revealed no clear genetic separations among samples of high or low germination rates in both germplasm sets. Samples under different accelerated ageing treatments did not show much genetic differentiations from the original sample of each accession. Mantel tests revealed non-significant associations between SSR variability and sample germination rates for both germplasm sets. These findings are useful for understanding seed deterioration under different ageing conditions and suggest that genome-wide SSR variability may not provide sensitive markers for the monitoring of wheat seed viability.     

Factors Affecting the Growth of Microalgae on Blackwater from Biosolid Dewatering

This paper discusses the possibility of including the culturing of microalgae within a conventional wastewater treatment sequence by growing them on the blackwater (BW) from biosolid dewatering to produce biomass to feed the anaerobic digester. Two photobioreactors were used: a 12 L plexiglas column for indoor, lab-scale tests and a 85 L plexiglas column for outdoor culturing. Microalgae (Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp.) could easily grow on the tested blackwater. The average specific growth rate in indoor and outdoor batch tests was satisfactory, ranging between 0.14 and 0.16 day^?1. During a continuous test performed under outdoor conditions from May to November, in which the off-gas from the combined heat and power unit was used as the CO₂ source, an average biomass production of 50 mgTSS L^?1 day^?1 was obtained. However, statistical analyses confirmed that microalgal growth was affected by environmental conditions (temperature and season) and that it was negatively correlated with the occurrence of nitrification. Finally, the biochemical methane potential of the algal biomass was slightly higher than that from waste sludge (208 mLCH₄ gVS^?1 vs. 190 mLCH₄ gVS^?1).