“三生空间”视角下西部绿洲城市土地利用功能转型的时空格局演变分析--以乌鲁木齐市为例

以西北地区典型的绿洲城市乌鲁木齐市为例,采用数理统计法和空间统计分析法,选取2004年、2011年和2018年3个时段分析乌鲁木齐市“三生空间”用地功能在时序方面的转型速度和方向,空间格局的分布情况和重心偏移方向,探寻导致其转移的因素及优化建议。结果表明:(1)乌鲁木齐市生活生产空间呈现出集中向外急剧扩张的趋势,面积增加437.91 km²,重心位于城市中心且转移轨迹最短,前后期的开发度持续超出耗减度,占用耕地、未利用地和园地的现象较为明显,占用面积分别为131.43 km²、194.82 km²、18.47 km²。(2)生态空间整体呈现不断萎缩的态势,受环境保护意识逐渐增强后期转出速度放缓,因自然资源的固定性和不易恢复性,致使空间内部各类用地相互转换为主要方向,有林地增长量最大为206.99 km²,空间整体处于生态恢复期,未来仍是需要着重关注的方向。(3)生产生态空间呈片状分布,后期对土地利用结构进行适当调整,面积为798.66 km²,使得耕地重心后期出现反向偏移,园地开发度急剧上升至8.30%,适度协调与生活生产空间的结构联系。生态生产空间呈零星状分布,转型速度表现为波动式下降态势。为此本研究基于“三生空间”视角下,对协调乌鲁木齐多样化的土地生态系统,提高土地资源的整体效益和可持续利用发展水平提出建议。     

梅花鹿品种(品系)鉴定的分子生物学策略

中国目前培育成的三个梅花鹿品种(品系)间在外型差异上并不显著，单从形态学特征尚不能达到品种(品系)鉴别的目的。当今分子遗传标记被公认为能够最真实地反映个体及群体遗传信息。提出了可用于品种(品系)鉴别的几种分子生物学策略，并且对其进行了评估。分子生物学策略将为梅花鹿品种品系鉴定提供新途径。     

Evaluation of Sensitivity to Phoxim and Cypermethrin in an Endoparasitoid,Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Its Parasitization Efficiency Under Insecticide Stress

Insecticides can have consequences for beneficial arthropods. Insect parasitoids can contact insecticides through direct exposure spray droplets or residues on crop foliage. Here, we focus on better understand the response of Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael), a parasitoid wasp of lepidopteran pests, and its detoxification mechanisms on stress caused by phoxim and cypermethrin. Hence, we determined the dose–mortality curves and estimating the sublethal concentrations (LC₃₀ and LC₅₀). Then, we applied the sublethal concentrations against adult parasitoids to assess its survival, parasitism efficacy, and also developmental and morphometric parameters of their offspring. Simultaneously, we check the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and peroxidase (POD) after sublethal exposure of both insecticides, which has measured until 48 h after treatment. Overall, phoxim and cypermethrin exhibited acute lethal activity toward the parasitoid with LC₅₀ values 4.608 and 8.570 mg/liter, respectively. Also, we detect that LC₃₀ was able to trigger the enzymatic activity of GST, AChE, and POD, suggesting a potential detoxification mechanism. However, even when subjected to sublethal exposure, our results indicate strong negatives effects, in particular for phoxim, which has affected the parasitism efficacy and also the developmental and morphometric parameters of M. pulchricornis offspring. Therefore, it can be concluded that both phoxim and cypermethrin have negative impacts on M. pulchricornis and we suggest cautioning their use and the need for semifield and field assessments to confirm such an impact.     

佛山一环东线绿化景观改造及效果评价

佛山一环在道路的绿化改造过程中,不仅提升中央分隔带、主辅分隔带及背景林的景观绿化效果,还重视立交节点、匝道等绿化细节,突出绿化亮点,注重生态重建和人文关怀,堪称城市快速干线绿化典范。       

不同碎石含量及直径对土壤水分入渗过程的影响

由于成土原因或人类活动,一些土壤中含有不同含量及大小的碎石。碎石的存在改变了土壤的某些物理特性,入渗过程也因此受到影响。本研究采用定水头入渗试验装置,对7种不同碎石含量(0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%,60%)及4种不同碎石直径(0.2~0.5cm,0.5~1.0 cm,1.0~3.0 cm,3.0~4.0 cm)的土壤水分入渗过程进行室内研究,旨在分析碎石含量及直径对土壤入渗过程的影响及其原因,为土石混合介质的研究提供一些理论基础。     

黄土高原降雨因素对土壤侵蚀的影响

根据调查和模拟降雨试验资料分析,黄土高原地区降雨是影响土壤侵蚀的最重要因素之一。水土流失主要是由少数几次大雨或暴雨所引起,大多数的降雨一般不产生地表径流;能够引起水土流失的土壤侵蚀暴雨标准随雨强和历时而异;ＥＩ３０是较适用的降雨侵蚀力指标,各种降雨特征值具有明显的空间分布规律。     

6种杀虫剂对绿盲蝽3龄若虫的室内毒力测定

为筛选出防治绿盲蝽的有效药剂,指导田间施药,采用试管药膜法,测定了6种杀虫剂对绿盲蝽3龄若虫的室内毒力。结果表明:阿维菌素、氟氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、螺虫乙酯和高效氯氰菊酯对绿盲蝽3龄若虫的LC50值,药剂处理24 h后,分别为8.19、10.39、19.96、25.30、25.77、28.17 mg/L;药剂处理48 h后,分别为3.64、5.86、10.39、17.57、15.93、12.21 mg/L。可见,阿维菌素对绿盲蝽毒力最高,氟氯氰菊酯次之,吡虫啉、啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯和螺虫乙酯毒力较低。     

长期定位施肥对潮土磷素下移及有效磷生态阈值的研究

研究长期施肥条件下磷素下移情况及其与0～20 cm土层有效磷含量的关系,明确有效磷生态阈值对作物产量和农业生态安全有重要的意义。试验基于"国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测站" 30年定位试验,选取5个处理,即不施磷肥(NK)、施用氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、氮磷钾化肥和有机肥配施(MNPK)、MNPK处理施肥量的1.5倍(1.5NPKM)、氮磷钾化肥与玉米秸秆还田配施(SNPK),采集0～20、 20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm土壤样品,分析有效磷含量,研究土壤有效磷垂直变化,并分析0～20 cm土层有效磷含量与磷素下移关系。结果表明,长期施用磷肥可提高有效磷含量,施磷量越高,有效磷含量增加越快;0～20 cm土层有效磷含量15.7～24.7 mg/kg,磷素下移慢,可下移到40～60 cm土层;而有效磷含量大于55.6 mg/kg时,磷素下移速度显著增加,下移到60～80 cm土层,并且下移量更大。综上,磷素下移的深度受耕层有效磷含量的影响,潮土区土壤有效磷生态阈值为25 mg/kg,既满足作物高产对养分的需要,又不对生态环境造成危害。0～20 cm土层有效磷含量为15～25 mg/kg时,控制磷的投入量;当0～20 cm土层有效磷含量超出25 mg/kg,减少磷的投入。     

Polyphenols in Eucalyptus leaves improved the egg and meat qualities and protected against ethanol‐induced oxidative damage in laying hens

Polyphenols in Eucalyptus leaves (PE) were value resources due to various pharmacological activities, but data on the effect on laying hens are very scare. This study was conducted to determine the effect of PE on the laying performance, egg traits, meat quality, antioxidant status and liver tissues of laying hens. One hundred and twenty 256‐day‐old Yueqinhuang laying hens were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (different levels of PE at 0, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg diet) for 63 days with 15 replicates per group. Addition of 0.8 g/kg PE not only improved the egg trait by increasing the eggshell thickness and decreasing MDA production and cholesterol content in the egg yolk, but also significantly enhanced meat quality of hens, as suggested by the increase pH_45 min (p < .01) and a* value, and decrease drip loss rate (p < .01). Meanwhile, under acute ethanol‐induced oxidative damage condition, supplementation of 0.8 g/kg PE enhanced the serum antioxidant status by increasing enzymatic activities (GSH‐PX, T‐SOD, T‐AOC), inhibited oxidative damage and provided protective effect to liver tissue. In conclusion, addition of 0.8 g/kg PE not only improved the egg traits and meat quality without obvious adverse effects, but also increased the serum antioxidant status of the hens and protected their liver tissue from ethanol‐induced oxidative damage. This study indicated that PE could be utilized as an effective feed additive for laying hens to improve health performance and egg traits.