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61.
In vegetated filter strips (VFS) the presence of perennial vegetation, rhizodeposition of labile organic substrates and the accumulation of an organic residue thatch layer may enhance microbial numbers and activity, thereby increasing the potential for mineralisation of herbicides and herbicide metabolites retained during run-off events. The objective of this laboratory experiment was to compare the mineralisation of atrazine and metolachlor with that of their respective metabolites in VFS and cultivated soil. With the exception of total bacteria, propagule density of the microbial groups, endogenous soil enzymes and microbial diversity were higher in the VFS soil. This correlated with increased mineralisation of metolachlor and its metabolites in the VFS soil and indicates potential for VFS to curtail the subsequent transport of these compounds. In contrast, the mineralisation of atrazine and the majority of its metabolites was substantially reduced in VFS soil relative to cultivated soil. Consequently, the potential for subsequent transport of atrazine and many of its metabolites may be greater in VFS soil than in cultivated soil if reduced mineralisation is not offset by increased sorption in the VFS. 相似文献
62.
S.W. Scott M.T. Zimmerman Xin Ge D.J. MacKenzie 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(2):155-161
A complete sequence for the RNA 3 of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) is described (Genbank Accession U57046). Primers from this sequence were used to amplify both the movement protein and coat protein genes of 3 other isolates of PNRSV originating from different host species and geographic locations. Comparisons of these sequences with those of other published sequences for PNRSV and the closely related apple mosaic virus (ApMV) showed that both the movement proteins and coat proteins of isolates of PNRSV are extensively conserved irrespective of either the original host or the geographic origin. The movement protein and coat protein of ApMV and PNRSV are sufficiently conserved to suggest that these two viruses may have evolved from a common ancestor. The amino acid sequence of the two coat proteins shows areas of similarity and difference that would explain the serological continuum reported to occur among isolates of these two viruses. Nevertheless, the movement protein and coat protein of the two viruses are sufficiently different so that ApMV and PNRSV should be considered to be distinct viruses. 相似文献
63.
Waseem Akbar Anilkumar Gowda Jeffrey E Ahrens Jason W Stelzer Robert S Brown Scott L Bollman John T Greenplate Jeffrey Gore Angus L Catchot Gus Lorenz Scott D Stewart David L Kerns Jeremy K Greene Michael D Toews David A Herbert Dominic D Reisig Gregory A Sword Peter C Ellsworth Larry D Godfrey Thomas L Clark 《Pest management science》2019,75(3):867-877
64.
Thirty-two accessions of wild tomato (Lycopersicon spp.) germplasm were evaluated for resistance to the whiteflyBemisia argentifolii Bellows ⇐p; Perring in a greenhouse choice bioassay. Density data were recorded for the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces
for (i) all life stages ofB. argentifolii and (ii) types I, IV, V and VI trichomes. Individual plant selections (33 from 22 wild tomato accessions) with high resistance
were subsequently tested in the field to verify the resistance found in the greenhouse screening. Resistance was defined by
the density of all life stages of the whitefly observed on the eight leaflets sampled at nodes 5 and 7. Only type IV trichomes
had a consistent (but low) and significant negative correlation between trichome density and whitefly density for various
life stages. The highest whitefly resistance was observed inLycopersicon pennellii accessions LA 716, LA 1340 and LA 2560. The most resistantL. hirsutum f.typicum accessions were LA 1777 and LA 1353.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 9, 2002. 相似文献
65.
ABSTRACT Plant-associated microorganisms are critical to agricultural and food security and are key components in maintaining the balance of our ecosystems. Some of these diverse microbes, which include viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes, cause plant diseases, whereas others prevent diseases or enhance plant growth. Despite their importance, we know little about them on a genomic level. To intervene in disease and understand the basis of biological control or symbiotic relationships, a concerted and coordinated genomic analysis of these microbes is essential. Genome analysis, in this context, refers to the structural and functional analysis of the microbe DNA including the genes, the proteins encoded by those genes, as well as noncoding sequences involved in genome dynamics and function. The ultimate emphasis is on understanding genomic functions involved in plant associations. Members of The American Phytopathological Society (APS) developed a prioritized list of plant-associated microbes for genome analysis. With this list as a foundation for discussions, a Workshop on Genomic Analysis of Plant-Associated Microorganisms was held in Washington, D.C., on 9 to 11 April 2002. The workshop was organized by the Public Policy Board of APS, and was funded by the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Science Foundation (NSF), U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), and USDA-National Research Initiatives (USDA-NRI). The workshop included academic, industrial, and governmental experts from the genomics and microbial research communities and observers from the federal funding agencies. After reviewing current and near-term technologies, workshop participants proposed a comprehensive, international initiative to obtain the genomic information needed to understand these important microbes and their interactions with host plants and the environment. Specifically, the recommendations call for a 5-year, $500 million international public effort for genome analysis of plant-associated microbes. The goals are to (i) obtain genome sequence information for several representative groups of microbes; (ii) identify and determine function for the genes/proteins and other genomic elements involved in plant-microbe interactions; (iii) develop and implement standardized bioinformatic tools and a database system that is applicable across all microbes; and (iv) educate and train scientists with skills and knowledge of biological and computational sciences who will apply the information to the protection of our food sources and environment. 相似文献
66.
Ting-Fang Hsieh Hung-Chang Huang R. Scott Erickson 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,127(4):579-584
Studies were conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse to determine the distribution of Erwinia rhapontici in plants arising from naturally infected seeds of pea or artificially inoculated seeds of bean and wheat, and whether the
pathogen is transmitted to the subsequent generation of seeds. Infected seeds were planted in pots of Cornell mix in the greenhouse,
and sampled at specified intervals throughout the plant growth cycle (seedling stage, elongation stage, flowering stage, seed
formation stage, and maturity). Plating of surface sterilized lateral roots, tap roots, basal stems, mid-stems, apical stems,
petioles, pods, and seeds of pea and bean, and of lateral roots, sub-crown internodes, basal stems, mid-stems, apical stems,
peduncles, glumes, and seeds of wheat revealed that the bacterial pathogen spread from infected seeds to the lower parts of
the plant tissues, but failed to spread further to the seeds produced on these plants. The study concludes that E. rhapontici did not establish systemic infection throughout the plants. Possible mechanisms of infection of seeds are discussed. 相似文献
67.
Jeffrey W. Hoy Keith. P. Bischoff Scott. B. Milligan Kenneth. A. Gravois 《Euphytica》2003,129(2):237-240
Clonal propagation of sugarcane(interspecific hybrids of Saccharum)is conducive to spread of systemicdiseases, such as ratoon stunting disease,caused by Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli. This important disease iscontrolled by obtaining and plantinghealthy seed-cane. In Louisiana, commercialseed-cane initially produced through tissueculture is available to sugarcane farmersand is being widely planted. Long-termacceptability of this seed-cane productionmethod depends on the production of healthyplants that do not differ significantly inphenotypic and yield characteristics fromthe clones originally selected and releasedas commercial cultivars. To determinewhether tissue culture affects yield or itscomponents, three cultivars, CP 70-321, LCP85-384, and HoCP 85-845, were compared inthree successive crops initially plantedwith stalks from three sources: plantsderived from callus culture of the leafroll above the apical meristem, directregeneration from the apical meristem, andconventional bud propagation. Stalks ofplants derived from both explant sourceswere typical of seed-cane farmers wouldpurchase for planting that had beenpreviously rogued for phenotypic variantsand increased by bud propagation.Differences in yield components amongtissue culture explant sources and budpropagated cane only occurred in CP 70-321.Stalk diameter and stalk weight were lowerand stalk population was higher for plantsderived from leaf roll callus compared tobud propagated cane. Yield components weresimilar for plants derived from an apicalmeristem and bud propagation. Individualplant phenotypic variants resulting fromsomaclonal variation were not observed inany of the cultivars derived from eitherexplant source. In summary, genotype andexplant source affected persistent, uniformphenotypic variation resulting from tissueculture that changed some yield components. However, apical meristem culture wassuitable for production of seed-cane, assugarcane derived by meristem culture ofthree cultivars did not differsignificantly from the original germplasmfor any measured yield trait. 相似文献
68.
A K-Ar age of 2300 x 10(6) years has been determined for a sample of type A crystalline rock (57,34). The presence of an anomalously large quantity of 4 degrees Ar, in a sample of type C breccia (65,35) precluded the calculation of its K-Ar age. Both of the rock types are characterized by low Rb/Sr ratios and consequently low (87)Sr/(86)Sr values. The U-Th-Pb results for a sample of type D fines (84,33) yield a (207)Pb/(206)Pb age of 4760 x 10(6) years, but ages based on U-Pb and Th-Pb ratios are anomalously high. Isotopic compositions of Li, K, Rb, Sr, U, and Th are very close to the accepted values for terrestrial materials. 相似文献
69.
Grain number and grain weight in wheat lines contrasting for stem water soluble carbohydrate concentration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In wheat, the ability to store and remobilise large amounts of stem water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) to grain constitutes a desirable trait to incorporate into germplasm targeted to regions with frequent terminal drought. The main aim of this paper was to examine the relationships between WSC storage, grain number and grain weight across several environments. A small set of recombinant inbred lines (2–4) contrasting in stem WSC were grown in six field trials where water availability, sowing date and/or N level were manipulated, with line yields ranging from 400 to 850 g m−2 across experiments. Biomass, N and WSC concentration (WSCc, mg g−1 dry weight) and amount (WSCa, g m−2) were monitored. A resource-oriented area-based model [Fischer, R.A., 1984. Growth and yield of wheat. In: Smith, W.H., Bante, S.J. (Eds.), Potential Productivity of Field Crops Under Different Environments. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 129–154] and intrinsic rates of organ growth were used to investigate the consequences on grain number of potential competition between spike and stem around flowering. 相似文献
70.
The North American long-term soil productivity experiment: Findings from the first decade of research 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robert F. Powers D. Andrew Scott Felipe G. Sanchez Richard A. Voldseth Deborah Page-Dumroese John D. Elioff Douglas M. Stone 《Forest Ecology and Management》2005,220(1-3):31-50
First decade findings on the impacts of organic matter removal and soil compaction are reported for the 26 oldest installations in the nation-wide network of long-term soil productivity sites. Complete removal of surface organic matter led to declines in soil C concentration to 20 cm depth and to reduced nutrient availability. The effect is attributed mainly to the loss of the forest floor. Soil C storage seemed undiminished, but could be explained by bulk density changes following disturbance and to decomposition inputs of organic C from roots remaining from the harvested forest. Biomass removal during harvesting had no influence on forest growth through 10 years. Soil compaction effects depended upon initial bulk density. Soils with densities greater than 1.4 Mg m−3 resisted compaction. Density recovery was slow, particularly on soils with frigid temperature regimes. Forest productivity response to soil compaction depended both on soil texture and the degree of understory competition. Production declined on compacted clay soils, increased on sands, and generally was unaffected if an understory was absent. 相似文献