Gender-based violence: Relevance for fisheries practitioners

Attention to human dimensions of capture fisheries involves understanding how harms and benefits are experienced and distributed among different groups or people. Yet, not all harms are well understood or adequately addressed. There is a general (mis)conception that gender-based violence (GBV) is not of relevance for fisheries management or a topic within the remit of practitioners. Through a global review of capture fisheries, we illustrate how five types of GBV—physical, sexual, psychological, economic and cultural—are pervasive and can be reinforced by fisheries policies, practices and institutions. Our synthesis shows a variety of activities associated with these forms of violence, such as labour and human rights abuses, unsafe working and living conditions for children, women and men, and the cultural acceptance of various forms of discrimination. We argue GBV cannot be disentangled from other actions taken to achieve equitable social outcomes through fisheries management. We provide seven recommendations to help practitioners understand and work towards addressing GBV in capture fisheries: (1) removing gender blindness and bias by investing in gender-sensitisation of the sector; (2) forming strategic partnerships; (3) improving policy and coordination between regulatory bodies; (4) increasing investments in labour rights and laws; (5) gender integrative programme design and implementation; (6) investing in specific programs for the empowerment of women; and (7) investing in specific programs for men seeking healthy models of masculinity.     

Associations between presence of Bartonella species deoxyribonucleic acid and complete blood cell count and serum biochemical changes in client‐owned cats

BackgroundInfection with Bartonella species is common in cats but reported effects of bacteremia on laboratory variables differ.ObjectivesEvaluate for associations between Bartonella bacteremia and CBC and serum biochemical changes in sick and healthy cats throughout the United States.AnimalsA total of 3964 client‐owned cats.MethodsRetrospective cohort study using submissions to a commercial laboratory between 2011 and 2017. Serum biochemistry and CBC abnormalities (categorized as above or below reference intervals), age, and location (high‐ or low‐risk state for Ctenocephalides felis) in presumed healthy and sick cats were evaluated for associations with presence of Bartonella spp. DNA, detected by PCR. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed.Results Bartonella spp. DNA was amplified from 127 (3.2%) of 3964 cats; 126 (99.2%) of 127 were from high flea risk states and 121 (95.3%) of 127 were presumed sick. Fever of unknown origin was the most common PCR panel requested. In the multivariable analysis, neutrophilia, decreased ALP activity, clinical status (presumed sick), and young age (≤2 years) each were positively associated whereas neutropenia and hyperproteinemia both were negatively associated with Bartonella spp. bacteremia. Presence of Bartonella spp. DNA had no association with test results for other infectious disease agents.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIn both healthy and sick cats, active Bartonella infections had minimal association with clinically relevant laboratory abnormalities. However, based on these results, in areas considered high risk for C. felis, active infection with Bartonella spp. is a reasonable differential diagnosis for cats presented with unexplained fever and neutrophilia, particularly if the cat is young.     

基于RAPD—PCR标记的印度亚麻品种遗传多样性和指纹图谱分析

栽培的亚麻（L.usitatissimum）通常为亚麻籽,以其油分和纤维而被认为是具有较高经济价值的作物之一。开发亚麻遗传资源并进一步进行遗传改良,须了解其遗传变异的范围和结构。位于坎普尔的C．S．农业科技大学种质管理单位保存有广泛收集而来的2772份栽培和野生亚麻资源。从中选出23份不同基因型栽培亚麻品种包括5份两用品种、4份种用品种、14份具有不同形态和经济特性的引进种用品种以及1份野生品系（L．grandiflorum）,采用RAPD标记进行遗传多样性分析。20条随机引物共产生242条带,每条引物扩增带数为1—20条,平均为10．95条。所有基因型和位点的RAPD多态性比例为90．49％。DICE系数相似矩阵分析揭示其遗传相似性为0．63～0．97,平均相似系数为82％,说明这些亚麻品种（系）的遗传背景较窄。采用UPGMA法以及NTSYS-pc软件的SAHN聚类分析模型对遗传相似矩阵进行聚类分析,发现属于L．uitatisimums的所有栽培品种在X轴上可聚为一类,而L．granditlomm野生种单独在Y轴上聚为一类。主成分分析结果表明,除了Shekhar（优良种用品种）和野生种Lgrandiflorum广泛分布外,其他所有种用品种、两用品种和外来品种聚类很近。由于亚麻栽培品种的遗传关系相近,须对亚麻种质的各种基因型进行鉴定,以拓宽今后育种计划中的遗传基础。     

Comparison of Intraoperative Behavioral and Hormonal Responses to Noxious Stimuli between Mares Sedated with Caudal Epidural Detomidine Hydrochloride or a Continuous Intravenous Infusion of Detomidine Hydrochloride for Standing Laparoscopic Ovariectomy

Objective: To compare the presence or absence of pain, pain‐related behavioral responses, and hormonal responses to noxious stimuli during standing laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares sedated with continuous intravenous (IV) detomidine infusion and caudal epidural detomidine. Study Design: A double blind prospective study. Animals: Mares (n=12) Methods: Mares were divided into 2 treatment groups; 6 were sedated using continuous IV detomidine infusion and 6 were sedated with caudal epidural detomidine. All mares received IV xylazine (0.33 mg/kg) and butorphanol tartrate (5 mg) premedication before detomidine administration. Venous blood samples were taken to assess serum cortisol levels in each mare at 4 time points: a baseline cortisol measurement after the mares' arrival to the clinic, 10 minutes before surgery, at the removal of the 2nd ovary, and 10 minutes postsurgery. Two surgeons performed bilateral ovariectomy and at 8 time points involving surgical manipulations, noted the presence or absence of pain (yes/no) and scored the patient's response on a 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain assessment with 0 indicating no pain responses and 10 cm indicating pain so severe that the mare required additional sedation or analgesia to complete the procedure. Each mare was also assigned a VAS score by each surgeon for the overall satisfaction of analgesia during the entire procedure. Results: Serum cortisol levels between the 2 detomidine administration groups differed significantly at the baseline (precortisol) measurement but not at the 3 remaining time points. Seven of the procedures within the surgeries did not differ significantly in VAS scores between the 2 groups. The initial grasp of the left ovary (the 1st ovary) in the continuous infusion group had a significantly higher (P=.05) median VAS score compared with the caudal epidural group. Conclusions: Mares sedated with a continuous IV infusion of detomidine have similar hormonal and behavioral responses to painful stimuli during standing laparoscopic ovariectomy as mares sedated with caudal epidural detomidine. Clinical Relevance: Sedation using a continuous IV infusion of detomidine can be used for laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares.     

Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on growth,nutrient partitioning,and uptake of major nutrients by soybean under varied nitrogen application levels

Rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration causes fertilization effects resulting in enhanced crop biomass and yields and thus likely enhances nutrient demand of plants. Hence, this field study was carried out to investigate the effects of elevated CO₂ and N on biomass yield, nutrient partitioning, and uptake of major nutrients by soybean (Glycine max L.) using open‐top chambers (OTCs) of 4 m × 4 m size. Soybean was grown in OTCs under two CO₂ [ambient and elevated (535 ± 36.9 mg L^?1)] and four N levels during July to October 2016. The four N levels were N₀, N₅₀, N₁₀₀, and N₁₅₀ referring to 0, 50, 100, and 150% recommended dose of N. Both CO₂ and N significantly affected biomass and grain yield, though the interaction was non‐significant. CO₂ enrichment produced 30–65% higher biomass and 26–59% higher grain yield under various N levels. As compared to the optimum N application (N₁₀₀), the CO₂‐mediated increment in biomass yield decreased with either lower or higher N application, with the response being lowest at N₁₅₀. As compared to ambient concentration, elevated CO₂ resulted in significant reduction of seed P concentration at all N application levels but at N₁₅₀, an opposite trend was observed. The decrease in seed P was maximum at N₀ and N₅₀ (7–9%) and by 3% at N₁₀₀, whereas there was a gain of 7.5% at N₁₅₀. The seed N and K concentrations were not affected either by CO₂ or N application. Total N, P, and K uptake at harvest were significantly affected by CO₂ and N, but not by CO₂ × N interaction. Elevated CO₂ resulted higher uptake of N by 18–61%, P by 23–62%, and K by 22–62% under various N treatments.