聚光蒸发式太阳能苦咸水淡化系统水体光热性能分析

针对太阳能苦咸水淡化系统中太阳能集热系统在高温段时效率低,而苦咸水淡化系统在低温段时效率低的结构性不匹配问题,提出了聚光蒸发式太阳能苦咸水淡化系统。为了提高苦咸水对入射太阳光的吸收作用,对太阳能集热系统中的苦咸水进行功能化处理,并对功能化苦咸水的透射率进行了光学性能分析,在实际天气条件下,对功能化苦咸水的热能利用效率进行了试验研究。结果表明,功能化苦咸水的透射率随粒子丰度增加而减小,随粒径减小而降低;粒子丰度由6.25增加为50.0 mg/L时,含有粒径为0.72 mm粒子的功能化水体的热能利用效率增加了41.3%;功能化苦咸水热利用效率计算结果与光学性能测试结果变化趋势一致。该研究为提高太阳能苦咸水淡化系统热利用效率提供了参考。     

Changes of folate and other potential health-promoting phytochemicals in legume seeds as affected by germination

Folate deficiency associated with low dietary intake is a well-documented public health problem, resulting in serious health and socioeconomic burdens. Therefore, optimization of the germination process of different cultivars of legume seeds in relation to the content and composition of folate, vitamin C, and total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity was carried out to maximize the health-promoting properties. The content and composition of folate, vitamin C, and total phenolic and total antioxidant capacities varied between species, among cultivars, and with germination time. During germination, total folate content was maximum at 815.2 μg/100 g fresh weight in soybean sprout and at 675.4 μg/100 g fresh weight in mungbean sprout on the fourth day, which were equivalent to, respectively, 3.5- and 3.9-fold increases in the seed's content, and total folate content strongly decreased thereafter. 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate was the most abundant folate species in legume sprouts and reached a maximum on the fourth day. Vitamin C was not detected in raw seeds, and its content increased sharply in soybean and mungbean sprouts and reached a maximum at the fourth day of germination (29 and 27.7 mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively). Germination of soybean and mungbean for 4 days provided the largest amount of total folate as well as the more stable species 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate and also brought about large amounts of vitamin C and total phenolics and substantial antioxidant capacities.     

基于自适应模糊神经网络的无轴承异步电机控制

针对无轴承异步电机多变量、非线性、强耦合等特点,为实现其稳定悬浮控制,提出了一种基于自适应模糊神经网络推理系统(adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system,ANFIS)的控制新策略。在分析无轴承异步电机径向悬浮力产生机理的基础上,推导出无轴承异步电机数学模型,基于ANFIS控制原理,完成了控制器设计,包括控制变量和隶属函数的选取、通过PID控制对输入输出数据的采集、根据选定的误差准则修正隶属函数参数以及采用Sugeno型ANFIS控制器训练FIS(fuzzy inference system)模型。基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台,对转速为6 000 r/min的无轴承异步电机控制系统的悬浮、转速、转矩响应进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明该控制策略能在0.12 s内实现转子的稳定悬浮,且当负载转矩突变时,转子的悬浮性能并没有受到影响,转子径向偏移小于0.001mm。在转速突变后,控制系统也能较好的跟踪给定转速,稳定时的转速误差小于20 r/min,控制系统具有良好的动、静态性能。最后在无轴承异步电机控制系统试验平台上对所提策略开展了试验研究,试验结果同样表明,该控制策略能实现无轴承异步电机的稳定悬浮工作,转子径向位移峰峰值范围可以保持在80μm以内,系统响应快,鲁棒性强,控制精度较高,验证了该文提出的ANFIS控制方法的正确性和有效性。     

Magnetic removal/immobilization of cadmium and zinc in contaminated soils using a magnetic microparticle solid chelator and its effect on rice cultivation

Purpose

Magnetic removal techniques using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbents have been frequently tested for use in the removal of heavy metals in aqueous solution, but seldom in farmland soil. Here, a novel magnetic microparticle solid chelator (MSC) was employed as the adsorbent for magnetic removal and/or immobilization of Cd and Zn in a paddy soil (PS), an upland soil (US), and a paddy–upland rotation soil (RS) with different degrees of pollution.

Materials and methods

MSC was applied to 14 kg air-dried soil samples (PS, US, and RS) at the dosage of 1% (w/w), and then watered, and intermittently stirred. Finally, the MSC–metal complexes were retrieved using a magnetic device (MCR treatment) or not (MC treatment), and the removal efficiency of soil Cd and Zn in MCR treatment was evaluated. After magnetic separation of MSC–metal complexes, pot experiments were performed to investigate the impacts of the magnetic remediation process on rice growth, the phytoavailability of soil Cd and Zn, and the accumulation of Cd and Zn in rice plants.

Results and discussion

The MCR treatment exhibited recovery rates of 55.4%, 49.6%, and 19.0% for MSC–metal complexes in PS, US, and RS, respectively, which brought about removal efficiencies of 2.2–12.2% for Cd and 1.9–4.6% for Zn. The MC and MCR treatments substantially decreased the availability of soil Cd, but not soil Zn; this effect was more remarkable when using CaCl₂ instead of DTPA as the extractant for determination of bioavailable metals. Furthermore, the CaCl₂-extractable Cd and Zn had a more significant relationship with Cd and Zn concentrations in rice roots. The MC and MCR treatments led to dramatic reductions in rice grain Cd of 23.9–72.1% and 37.3–63.9%, respectively, in the three soils relative to the respective controls. The MC and MCR treatments also exhibited an inhibitory effects on rice grain Zn accumulation in US (10.6% and 4.3% decreases, respectively) and RS (9.3% and 19.5% decreases, respectively), but not in PS. Moreover, the grain yield was unaffected under the MCR treatment in the three soils, and significantly increased by 29.8% under the MC treatment in US.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that MSC-based magnetic remediation technique can effectively immobilize and/or remove Cd and Zn in farmland soils, decreasing their uptake by rice plants, with no adverse effects on grain yield.

     

基于长江三角洲地表水典型土壤铜、锌环境容量探究

我国水污染日益严重,Ⅰ类地表水地区较少,目前可供饮用的Ⅲ类水成为研究土壤地表水体系污染状况的热点。选取具有代表性的长江三角洲地区4种母质（河相、湖相、海相沉积物和沟沟堆积物）发育而成的土壤,通过加入不同量的外源铜、锌金属培育污染土样,使其分别达到国家土壤环境质量三级标准的0.25、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5倍。在此基础上研究雨水和模拟酸雨条件下,对模拟污染的土样进行解吸,并对解吸曲线进行拟合,在基于地表水Ⅲ类水质标准的铜、锌环境容量的基础上,计算了4种土壤在不同情况下的土壤环境容量,并通过探讨国家土壤标准的吻合性,提出针对不同母质的土壤,对其重金属的土壤污染临界值进行适当的调整,以达到Ⅲ类水标准,保障人类的安全与健康。结果表明,在模拟雨水情况下,基于地表水Ⅲ类标准的4种土壤的环境容量分别为：SEBC-06：铜10002mg·kg^-1,锌848.1mg·kg^-1;SEBC-19：铜1162mg·kg^-1,锌612.9mg·kg^-1;SEBC-20：铜9796mg·kg^-1,锌1047mg·kg^-1;SEBC-25：铜720mg·kg^-1,锌180.2mg·kg^-1。     

青钱柳种质资源多样性SRAP初步分析

为了利用分子标记方法评价青钱柳种质资源的遗传多样性,本文对青钱柳DNA的提取、SRAP扩增体系重要参数进行了优化,运用优化体系筛选多态性引物,并用1对引物对青钱柳9个种源进行了遗传多样性初步分析。研究结果建立了适于青钱柳SRAP的扩增体系;从110对SRAP引物中筛选出了13对多态性引物,运用1对引物组合Me7＋Em2扩增获得21个多态性位点,多态率达100%。遗传多样性分析表明有效等位基因数（Ne）为1.3429,平均Shannon＇s信息指数（I）为0.3687,Nei＇s基因多样性指数（H）为0.2267,种源的遗传分化指数Gst为0.1983;聚类分析结果表明9个种源在遗传距离0.100处聚为3类,聚类结果和地理距离之间呈现较高的相关性。本文的研究结果表明所建立的青钱柳种质资源库具有广泛的遗传多样性,为进一步的开发利用提供了条件。     

基于图像处理的玉米收割机导航路线检测方法

快速精准的检测出导航路线并对田端做出准确判断是收割机视觉导航的前提。为解决玉米收割机导航作业过程中因玉米列阴影、玉米田端的杂草等因素对检测精度干扰的问题,该文通过分析视觉导航图像的颜色特征去除阴影干扰,对玉米收割机提取导航作业路径和判断田端提出了检测算法。为减少计算量,设定关注区域作为非第一帧图像的处理范围;为去除玉米列阴影对检测结果造成的干扰,强调关注区域内G(绿色)分量并减弱R(红色)或B(蓝色)分量;为加快处理速度,采用跳行累计G分量的方式确定候补点。在关注区域内对图像中去除阴影干扰后的G分量垂直累计值查找候补点,对图像上半部分收敛性好的候补点通过方差计算确定出已知点,再利用过已知点Hough变换拟合出玉米列边界所在的导航线。最后采用R分量的连续突变判断收割机是否到达田端。田间试验表明:目标直线的平均检测时间为50.13 ms/帧,对田端的检测准确可靠,满足玉米收割的作业要求。该研究成果也适用于高粱等其它高杆作物的机械化收获应用。     

Genetic variation in the endangered Rutaceae species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus hongheensis</Emphasis> based on ISSR fingerprinting

Citrus hongheensis is a critically endangered species endemic to the Honghe river region in southeastern Yunnan, China. Its genetic diversity and differentiation were investigated using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. One hundred primers were screened, and a total of 245 loci were amplified from seven natural populations by 13 informative and reliable primers. Of these 245 ISSR loci, 233 were polymorphic and the detected variations revealed a relatively high level of intraspecific genetic diversity. At the population level, the mean percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) was 36.50%, while the average expected heterozygosity (He) and Shannon diversity index (Ho) were 0.1327 and 0.1972, respectively. At the species level (across all populations), PPB was 95.10%, while He and Ho were 0.3520 and 0.5195, respectively. A high Gst value (0.6247) indicated that there is significant differentiation among populations, which was confirmed by AMOVA analysis (Φst = 0.6420). Pairwise genetic identity (I) values among populations ranged from 0.6341 to 0.7675, with a mean of 0.7008. We propose that the high level of genetic differentiation may be the result of habitat fragmentation and limited gene flow (Nm = 0.1502). For effective in situ conservation and population restoration of C. hongheensis it will be important to maintain historical processes, including high outbreeding rates, sufficient gene flow, and large effective population sizes.     

采后硅酸钠处理对贮藏期兰州“大接杏”果实品质和挥发性风味物质的影响

本文以兰州“大接杏”（Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. cv. Lanzhou Dajie）为试材,使用硅酸钠（10 mM）化学诱抗处理,以探讨其对杏果实品质,特别是挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明,硅酸钠处理可延缓果实硬度、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物（SSC）和Vc含量的下降,但对果实总糖含量的影响不显著。采用固相微萃取（SPME）结合气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）的方法分离鉴定了“大接杏”果实的香气成份,共分离鉴定出超过100多种挥发性成份。硅酸钠处理样挥发性物质的释放总量低于对照,同时处理后的杏果还表现出醛类物质、萜类物质和β-紫罗兰酮的释放增大和脂类物质的释放减少的现象。