水稻大面积高产综合配套技术研究开发与示范1996年度课题攻关报告

总结了1996年水稻大面积高产综合配套技术研究开发与示范的进展。     

落叶松人工林直径分布模型及应用的研究

以现场训查的172块落叶松（Larixspp.)人工林临时标准地为材料,利用5种分布密度函数．对林分的直径分布进行模拟。所得到的最优分布模型可用于控制抚育间伐量。     

内生真菌对干旱胁迫下金钗石斛生理生化特性的影响

以从野生金钗石斛内分离到的内生真菌37号、117号和120号菌株为材料,探讨在干旱胁迫下3种菌株对金钗石斛的生长、生理特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着15%PEG6000溶液胁迫时间的延长,各处理组较对照组相比生长减缓,渗透调节增加,抗氧化酶活性增强。3株内生真菌处理下能减少植株鲜重的下降,其中120号菌株能有效降低根长、提高抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POD)的活性;117号能增加渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量;37号能增强抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT)活性。3株菌株均能增强金钗石斛抗旱能力,但作用效果各不相同,生产中混合使用效果更佳。     

带有黄绿叶色标记的香型籼稻不育系形态特征及开花习性

我们对3个含有黄绿叶色标记的香型籼稻不育系黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A和正常绿叶不育系Ⅱ-32A、G46A的形态特征及开花习性进行了调查分析。结果表明：黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A不育系同正常叶色不育系Ⅱ-32A、G46A的叶色差异显著,易肉眼识别,其外部形态特征为植株叶片及颖壳呈黄绿色,黄标A株系株高（41.5～56.5cm）比Ⅱ-32A（59.5cm）、G46A（60.4cm）要矮,以黄标3A的播始期85d比Ⅱ-32A短8d、比G46A长7d,穗长、穗平着粒与Ⅱ-32A、G46A相当,千粒重比Ⅱ-32A、G46A高出1.8g和1.47g,其中颖尖、叶鞘、叶耳及叶片边缘呈紫红色。黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A不育系的柱头外露率、张颖角度都高于Ⅱ-32A和G46A,柱头生活力供试不育系间存在着生理功能的差异。包颈长度Ⅱ-32A最长,黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A与G46A相当;半包颈长度黄标1A、黄标2A和黄标3A相当（3.0～3.5cm）、而Ⅱ-32A最长（5.0cm）、G46A次之（4.5cm）。黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A不育系的开花动态相似,曲线呈双峰型,开花高峰为开花后的第2～5天,与Ⅱ-32A的开花动态相似,但Ⅱ-32A有明显的低谷,而G46A曲线呈单峰型。不同不育系所开的颖花数并不一样,以开花第8天统计开花数以黄标2A最多,其次是黄标3A,黄标1A和对照Ⅱ-32A开花数相同,而G46A到第8天开花结束。黄标1A、黄标2A的开花盛期与Ⅱ-32A一致,为开花后第5天,而黄标3A与G46A一致,为4d。参试不育系每天上午10：00时初花、11：00～12：30时为开花盛期,只有G46A表现出迟花特性。     

Breeding of R8012,a Rice Restorer Line Resistant to Blast and Bacterial Blight Through Marker-Assisted Selection

Genetic improvement is one of the most effective strategies to prevent rice from blast and bacterial blight(BB) diseases,the two most prevalent diseases jeopardizing rice production.Rice hybrids with dural resistance to blast and BB are needed for sustainable production of food.An incomplete diallele design resulted in 25 crosses between five blast and five BB resistant germplasm accessions.Only one pair of parents,DH146 × TM487,showed polymorphism for all the markers to identify one blast resistance gene Pi25 and three BB resistance genes,Xa21,xa13 and xa5,thus it was used in the marker-assisted selection(MAS).F2 individuals of DH146 × TM487 were genotyped using flanking markers of RM3330 and sequence tagged site(STS) marker SA7 for Pi25.The resistant F2 plants with Pi25 were used for pyramiding BB resistance genes Xa21,xa13 and xa5 identified by the markers pTA248,RM264 and RM153,respectively in subsequent generations.Finally,after selection for agronomic traits and restoration ability among 12 pyramided lines,we acquired an elite restorer line,R8012 including all four target genes(Pi25+Xa21+xa13+xa5).Hybrid Zhong 9A/R8012 derived from the selected line showed stronger resistance to blast and BB,and higher grain yield than the commercial checks uniformally in experimental plots,2007 state-wide yield trial and 2008 nation-wide yield trial.This study provides a paradigmatic example to show that MAS is a practically feasible tool in effectively pyramiding multiple resistance genes.The resultant restoring line and its hybrid would play an important role in securing rice production in China.     

Biotic and abiotic controls on body size during critical life history stages of a pelagic fish,Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii)

Variation in growth and body size during critical life history stages can have important implications for life history schedules and survivorship. For Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), there is still debate as to whether juvenile body size is governed by density‐dependent or ‐independent processes and few have evaluated whether the relative importance of either process shifts over the course of early ontogeny. We used a unique data set consisting of seasonal measurements of abundance, body size, and spatial distribution within a semi‐enclosed basin of Puget Sound (Washington State, U.S.A.) to measure the relative importance of temperature and cohort abundance on body size at distinct time periods, and evaluated whether density‐dependent habitat shifts might be responsible for density‐dependent growth. Over the 9 years of sampling (2001–2010) midsummer body size was positively related to temperatures experienced during the egg/yolk sac and larval stages and unrelated to cohort abundance. However, fall body size was negatively correlated with abundance and uncorrelated with both midsummer body size and temperature, indicating a shift from density‐independent to density‐dependent control over the course of the growing season. Thus, density‐dependent effects may supplant density‐independent effects exhibited early in herring life history. Our data on spatial distributions of herring and their zooplankton prey indicate that density‐dependent reductions in growth may be explained by density‐dependent habitat shifts that lead to reduce overlap of herring with zooplankton. Evidence of density‐dependent growth in marine fish populations is often attributed to exploitative competition, but our results suggest that these patterns may partly be mediated by density‐dependent distribution expansions in to prey‐poor habitat.     

两系不育系P88S育性转换的积温模型构建(英文)

[目的]构建两系不育系水稻P88S育性转换的积温模型。[方法]对2005年和2006年P88S在海南育性转换的试验数据进行分析。[结果]发现P88S在气温在26～28℃之间的可育性是由温度的绝对值和温度的累积效应决定的,并得到了1个基于双稳态的温度累积效应模型。[结论]利用积温模型可以有效地说明两系不育系春秋季育性转换温度的不对称性,即从可育转换为不育需要更高的温度,从不育转换为可育则需要更低的温度,并说明影响水稻育性的因素可能存在累加效应。     

Dung application increases CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> production potential and alters the composition and abundance of methanogen community in restored peatland soils from Europe

Peatland restoration via rewetting aims to recover biological communities and biogeochemical processes typical to pristine peatlands. While rewetting promotes recovery of C accumulation favorable for climate mitigation, it also promotes methane (CH₄) emissions. The potential for exceptionally high emissions after rewetting has been measured for Central European peatland sites previously grazed by cattle. We addressed the hypothesis that these exceptionally high CH₄ emissions result from the previous land use. We analyzed the effects of cattle dung application to peat soils in a short- (2 weeks), a medium- (1 year) and a long-term (grazing) approach. We measured the CH₄ production potentials, determined the numbers of methanogens by mcrA qPCR, and analyzed the methanogen community by mcrA T-RFLP-cloning-sequencing. Dung application significantly increased the CH₄ production potential in the short- and the medium-term approach and non-significantly at the cattle-grazed site. The number of methanogens correlated with the CH₄ production in the short- and the long-term approach. At all three time horizons, we found a shift in methanogen community due to dung application and a transfer of rumen methanogen sequences (Methanobrevibacter spp.) to the peatland soil that seemed related to increased CH₄ production potential. Our findings indicate that cattle grazing of drained peatlands changes their methanogenic microbial community, may introduce rumen-associated methanogens and leads to increased CH₄ production. Consequently, rewetting of previously cattle-grazed peatlands has the potential to lead to increased CH₄ emissions. Careful consideration of land use history is crucial for successful climate mitigation with peatland rewetting.     

Spotted-Leaf Mutants of Rice(Oryza sativa)

Many rice spotted-leaf(spl) mutants are ideal sources for understanding the mechanisms involved in blast resistance,bacterial blight resistance and programmed cell death in plants.The genetic controls of 50 spotted-leaf mutants in rice have been characterized and a few spotted-leaf genes have been isolated as well.This article reviews the origin,genetic modes,isolation and characterization of spotted-leaf genes responsible for their phenotypes,and their resistance responses to main rice diseases.