不同条件下韭菜汁对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种活性抑制的研究

研究了不同温度、pH值、杀虫剂和杀菌剂的影响下,韭菜汁对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种的抑制作用,以确定韭菜汁在不同条件影响下对病菌的活力。结果表明,在试验的各温度处理后,55℃以上的温度对韭菜汁的成分有破坏作用,菌落的生长受到显著影响。韭菜根汁对病菌孢子的抑制作用不受pH值的影响。酸性至弱碱性情况下,韭菜茎汁对病菌孢子萌发的抑制率为100%;在强碱性条件下,韭菜茎汁中物质的活性促进了孢子的萌发。供试杀虫剂和杀菌剂对韭菜汁的成分无明显破坏作用。     

75%甲嘧磺隆水分散粒剂防除非耕地杂草试验

应用75%甲嘧磺隆水分散粒剂对非耕地杂草进行防除试验。结果表明,试验剂量在45～75g/667m2范围内,防治效果达100%。     

抑菌圈-定殖力双重测定法筛选青枯病生防细菌

 本研究首先用平皿抑菌圈法筛选出55个拮抗青枯菌的细菌菌株,将番茄幼苗在各菌菌悬液中浸根12h后栽种于温室未灭菌的土壤中,结果发现,有22个菌株在幼苗根部的定殖能力较强(终定殖密度大于104 cfu/g根),其中革兰氏阴性土壤细菌占同类菌的86.3%,革兰氏阳性土壤细菌占同类菌的13.0%,10个无致病力产细菌素的青枯菌菌株在根部的终定殖密度均低于104 cfu/g根,其定殖能力弱于致病青枯菌。有17个拮抗菌菌株在番茄幼苗根部的定殖密度超过所有致病菌。温室生防结果证明,抑菌圈-定殖力双重测定法对于筛选生防菌株是一种行之有效的方法。     

柑橘属植物疫霉病菌检测与鉴定的研究进展

在全世界危害柑橘属植物的疫霉有十几种,其中冬生疫霉(Phytophthora hibernalis)和丁香疫霉(P.syringae)为我国规定禁止进境的两种检疫性真菌病害。本文从传统的症状观察、病原菌形态特征和分子检测等方面综述了柑橘属疫霉菌检测与鉴定的研究进展,可为柑橘属植物疫霉菌的口岸检疫提供借鉴。     

噁醚唑种衣剂对小麦幼苗生长及抗病性相关酶活性的影响

本文研究了口恶醚唑 ( Difenoconazole)种衣剂、敌萎丹悬浮种衣剂 ( Dividend150 FS)分别处理小麦种子后对小麦幼苗生长、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛 ( MDA)以及与植物抗病性相关的超氧化物歧化酶 ( SOD)、过氧化物酶 ( POD)、过氧化氢酶 ( CAT)和多酚氧化酶 ( PPO)酶活性的影响。结果表明 2种药剂处理均能使小麦幼苗叶绿素含量、株高、根长和百株鲜重显著增加 ,幼苗体内 MDA积累减少 ,SOD、POD、CAT和 PPO活性显著提高 ,但对可溶性蛋白的含量无明显影响。说明口恶醚唑种衣剂包衣处理小麦种子具有促进小麦幼苗生长发育、延缓小麦衰老和诱导小麦产生抗病性的作用 ,为防病增产奠定良好基础     

Straw mulching with fertilizer nitrogen: An approach for improving crop yield,soil nutrients and enzyme activities

Field experiments were conducted to study soil properties, soil enzymes activities, water use efficiency (WUE) and crop productivity after six years of soya bean straw mulching in the semi‐arid conditions of China. The experiment included four treatments: CK (Control), N (240 kg N ha^‐1), H (soya bean straw mulching at half rate 700 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1) and F (soya bean straw mulching at full rate 1,400 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1). Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), soil available N (AN), available P (AP) and enzyme activities were analysed after wheat harvesting in 2016 and 2017. Results show that straw amounts had positive effects on the soil fertility indices being higher for treatment F. The SOC, LOC, AN, AP and enzyme activities (i.e. saccharase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) were in the order of F > H > N > CK. High wheat grain yield and WUE were observed for F treatment. A total of six years mulching along with 240 kg ha^‐1 nitrogen fertilizer application is sufficient for wheat yield stability and improving soil properties except urease activities in the semi‐arid condition of China. However, the straw mulching amount should be further studied with minimum nitrogen fertilizer for an environment‐friendly and effective approach for improving the soil biological properties with adequate crop production on a sustainable basis in the semi‐arid region of China.     

Biochar addition mitigates nitrogen loss induced by straw incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer application

Biochar has been shown to be potentially beneficial for enhancing yields and soil properties, and diminishing nitrogen (N) losses. However, it remains unclear how biochar regulates soil carbon (C) and N to mitigate N losses induced by straw mixing with N fertilizer in dryland soils. Therefore, we investigated the effects of straw mixing (S₁), S₁ with biochar (SB) and no straw inputs (S₀), and routine urea application rates (N₁) and 70% of routine rates (N_0.7) on yields and N losses, and identify the relationship between N losses and soil C and N compounds. Results showed that N_0.7 and N₁ were suitable for the maize and wheat seasons, respectively, contributing to mitigating N losses without reducing crop yields. Moreover, in the maize season, N_0.7-SB significantly mitigated the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 106% and 81%, respectively. In the wheat season, N₁-SB reduced the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 35% and 66%, respectively. In addition, N_0.7-SB sharply reduced soil inorganic N (SIN) storage in the maize season. Furthermore, the NH₃-N and N₂O-N emission rates were negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon/SIN content (0–20 cm) (DOC/SIN_0-20). N losses (N₂O-N and NH₃-N emissions and SIN storage) were positively correlated with SIN_0-20, but negatively correlated with soil organic carbon / SIN_0-20 (SOC/ SIN_0-20). This study provides further evidence that biochar with an appropriate N application rate decreased SIN_0-20 and increased DOC/SIN_0-20, thus reducing SIN storage and the straw-induced gaseous N emissions without decreasing crop yields.     

海南省益智产业发展优势、存在问题与对策

为促进海南省益智(Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.)产业的可持续发展,更好地发挥其对地区经济的推动作用,对海南益智产业发展现状开展了调查。分析发现海南益智产业具有资源比较优势明显、市场潜力巨大、产业基础良好等发展潜力和优势,是海南经济结构调整和精准扶贫的首选。指出了海南益智产业发展中存在种苗、种植、品质、市场风险等问题,提出了加强育种、规范化栽培、功能成分提取和产品开发研究,制定相关标准,健全组织保障和资金保障体系,加强市场营销,打响品牌知名度等建议。此研究可为海南益智产业发展提供参考。     

炭基肥对马铃薯品质和产量的影响

生物炭与化肥混合加工制成的炭基肥具有改良土壤,保水保肥,延长肥效的作用。为了给内蒙古阴山北麓地区马铃薯生产中合理施用炭基肥提供理论依据,以‘克新1号’品种为材料,采用随机区组设计,研究了0、300、600、900、1200 kg/hm²炭基肥及等量N、P、K化肥对马铃薯产量、品质和效益的影响。结果表明：随着炭基肥施肥量的增加,马铃薯产量逐渐增加。炭基肥施用量300、600、900、1200 kg/hm²的产量分别较对照增产26.01%、34.77%、43.39%、49.71%,差异达到显著或极显著水平。1200 kg/hm²的炭基肥施肥量下,马铃薯单株结薯数、单薯重、大薯率均高于对照。块茎直链淀粉含量显著高于对照,支链淀粉含量、淀粉总含量和蛋白质含量虽表现出增加的趋势,但与对照差异未达显著水平。各炭基肥处理均可降低块茎还原糖含量,且600、900、1200 kg/hm²处理与对照相比差异达到了显著水平。等量N、P、K条件下,施炭基肥的马铃薯单株结薯数、单薯重、大薯率、产量、块茎直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉和蛋白质含量以及效益均高于化肥,还原糖含量低于化肥。炭基肥施用量为1200 kg/hm²的产量、品质和效益最好,是适合阴山北麓地区马铃薯种植的施肥量。     

接骨木无性系苗期干旱胁迫响应及抗旱性综合评价

为揭示不同种接骨木无性系的抗旱性,探讨其对干旱环境的适应能力,为干旱瘠薄山地造林提供材料。采用盆栽法进行自然干旱胁迫试验,运用主成分分析对不同处理下各无性系生理指标进行综合评价。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,无性系PT-1的生物量增量最大,PT-2的根冠比最大。在干旱胁迫逐增情况下,细胞膜透性逐增,当干旱达到中、重度时,无性系PT-1和PT-2的细胞膜透性最小。叶绿素含量及超氧化物岐化酶活性均随干旱程度增加呈先增后降趋势。随干旱胁迫增加可溶性糖和脯氨酸均随之增大。在重度干旱胁迫下,无性系PT-1的可溶性糖含量最大。主成分分析得出,各无性系抗旱能力由强到弱为:XY-2、JY-1、XY-1、XY-3、PT-1、PT-3、PT-2。其中,XY-2、JY-1具有较强抗旱性,可初步作为抗旱材料进行后续研究。