基于RapidSCAN CS-45的新疆滴灌冬小麦氮肥推荐研究

为给滴灌小麦氮营养状况实时评估和氮肥合理施用提供参考,通过2年田间定位试验,以当地主栽品种新冬22号为试验材料,设置5个施氮水平(0、120、240、360、480 kg· hm-2),利用主动式光谱仪RapidScan CS-45获取各生育时期冠层归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化红边植被指数(NDRE),分析其与滴...     

Microbial remediation of a pentachloronitrobenzene-contaminated soil under Panax notoginseng: A field experiment

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.     

水盐交互作用对河套灌区土壤光谱特征的影响

为探究土壤水盐交互作用对Sentinel-2卫星光谱特征的影响,该研究以内蒙古河套灌区沙壕渠灌域为研究区域,分别在2018年和2019年的4-5月共采集280个裸土期表层土壤样本,测定其土壤含水率和含盐量,并获取同步的Sentinel-2卫星遥感数据,构建基于土壤水盐-反射率原理的土壤光谱特征理论模型,在此基础上结合土壤水盐交互作用构建水盐交互模型,并比较2种模型对土壤光谱的模拟效果,分析土壤水盐交互作用对土壤光谱估算的影响。结果表明：1）土壤水盐交互作用对光谱的影响因波段类型和水盐含量的不同而有所不同。在可见光范围上影响相对较弱,其作用范围为-0.11～0.29;在近红外和短波红外范围上影响相对较强,其作用范围为-0.35～0.61;当水分或盐分中某个含量较高时对光谱影响较弱,其主要集中在-0.1～0.23;,在水盐含量程度相似时影响较强,其作用范围为0.3～0.6。2）与土壤光谱特征理论模型相比,水盐交互模型能明显地改善土壤光谱的模拟效果,能将模拟相关系数由0.14～0.44提升到0.29～0.70,均方根误差由0.032～0.082降低到0.029～0.068。该研究结果揭示了盐分和水分对光谱特征的干扰过程,为土壤盐分的估算提供策略与方法,对实现区域尺度上土壤盐分的精准监测具有一定的意义。     

超高压和超声波预处理对蒜片热风干燥过程及品质的影响

为缩短蒜片热风干燥时间,提高干制蒜片品质,将超高压与超声波技术应用到蒜片干燥前处理,并利用低场核磁共振技术(Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, LF-NMR)分析预处理对蒜片干燥过程中内部不同状态水分迁移的影响。结果表明:干燥前超声或超高压预处理有利于加快干燥过程,超声、超高压和超高压-超声预处理的干燥时间分别比没有预处理的对照组降低了37.50%、43.75%、62.50%;三种预处理均可以降低干燥能耗,尤以超高压-超声最为显著(P0.05),相比对照降低了32.31%。低场核磁共振测定结果表明,预处理后蒜片中存在三种状态的水分,自由水占的比例最大,不易流动水次之,结合水最少。干燥过程中脱除的主要是自由水,超声和超高压均降低了自由水的脱除时间,超高压-超声预处理脱除自由水的时间最少,为90 min,说明超高压和超声联合更有利于减弱蒜片组织对水分的束缚并增强水分的流动性。通过扫描电镜发现,超高压使蒜片细胞间隙增大,细胞壁破坏严重,而经超声预处理的蒜片组织出现疏松多孔的结构,超高压-超声扩增了蒜片的显微通道,验证了超高压-超声更有利于提高水分的流动性。经超高压或超声预处理后,干制蒜片的色差降低,复水比和蒜素含量显著提高(P0.05),超高压与超声联合预处理得到的干制蒜片品质较优,色差值为16.11,大蒜素含量为2.67 mg/g,复水比为2.90 g/g。研究结果为高效节能、高品质的大蒜干燥技术提供理论参考。     

土壤中木质素的研究进展

木质素是地球上最丰富的芳香族化合物,是土壤中非常稳定的有机组分,也是影响土壤有机碳循环的重要物质,因此,研究木质素在农田土壤中的积累对于土壤碳素的循环过程以及土壤有机碳的截获具有十分重要的意义。本文对土壤中木质素的分类和来源、测定及表征方法进行了综合介绍,并着重评述了木质素对于土壤有机碳循环的贡献、在土壤中的保持机制及影响木质素在土壤中降解和积累特性的因素,以期为我国开展土壤木质素的相关研究提供理论参考。     

利用shRNA真核表达载体干涉雌性鸡胚性腺中芳香化酶基因(CYP19A1)的表达

本研究通过把构建的短发夹结构RNA(shRNA)真核表达载体导入鸡胚,检测鸡胚性腺分化期质粒载体在鸡胚体内代谢情况及雌性鸡胚性腺中芳香化酶基因(CYP19A1)mRNA表达效率,进而探讨利用该方法在鸡胚体内进行特定基因干涉的可行性.实验针对CYP19A1基因构建了4条特异性表达载体,一条非特异性表达载体.每个实验组选取45个新鲜种蛋作为实验材料进行胚盘下腔注射,并设立空白对照组.鸡胚发育12d时,检测各处理组鸡胚肝脏组织中质粒存在情况,并取其左侧性腺组织进行目标基因的荧光定量分析.研究结果表明,导入组在12日胚龄时所有鸡胚基因组中均可检测到绿色荧光蛋白基因(EGFP);荧光定量结果显示,导入特异性表达载体cyp-580、cyp-1083和cyp-1295后,对应雌性鸡胚性腺CYP19A1 mRNA表达效率显著低于空白对照组,干涉效率分别为:73％、52％和85％;特异性表达载体cyp-1403组CYP19A1mRNA表达效率与空白对照组相比有所降低但无显著性差异.本实验为诱导鸡胚性反转提供了新方法并建立了鸡胚发育期特定基因体内干涉新平台.     

近20年来陕西中部地区主要农作物生育期变化趋势分析

利用陕西省中部地区8个农业气象观测站1992-2010年冬小麦、夏玉米的生育期观测资料,分析了这两种作物主要生育期的变化趋势。结果表明：该地区冬小麦全生育期有不断缩短趋势,变化速率约为每10a缩短2.96d,各个站点变化趋势基本一致,但减少的速度不尽相同,其中凤翔站变化趋势较为显著（显著性达0.05水平）;冬小麦其它各生育阶段也都呈现出比较一致的变化趋势,其中播种-出苗、返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、返青-成熟阶段呈缩短趋势,抽穗-乳熟、乳熟-成熟、播种-越冬阶段呈延长趋势,其余生育阶段变化趋势不明显。该地区夏玉米全生育期呈较一致的延长趋势（显著性超过0.05）,增加速率约为4.29d/10a,延长的时间主要在播种-三叶、七叶-拔节、乳熟-成熟阶段,其余生育阶段变化趋势不明显。     

Growth kinetics of amyloid-like fibrils derived from individual subunits of soy β-conglycinin

The amyloid-like fibrillation of soy β-conglycinin subunits (α, α', and β) upon heating (0-20 h) at 85 °C and pH 2.0 was characterized using dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism (CD), binding to amyloid dyes (Thioflavin T and Congo red), and atomic force microscopy. The fibrillation of all three subunits was accompanied by progressive polypeptide hydrolysis. The hydrolysis behaviors, fibrillation kinetics, and morphologies of amyloid-like fibrils considerably varied among α, α', and β subunits. Faster hydrolysis rates and special fragments were observed for the α and α' subunits compared to the β subunit. However, the order of the fibrillation rate and capacity to form β-sheets was α' > β > α, as evidenced by CD and Thioflavin T data. Moreover, sequential growth of twisted screw-structure fibrils, leading to macroscopic fibrils with distinct morphological characteristics, was observed for β-conglycinin and individual subunits. The different fibrillation kinetics and morphologies of α, α', and β subunits appear to be associated with the differences in the amino acid composition and typical sequence of peptides. Besides, the disruption of ordered structure of fibrils occurred upon further heating (6-20 h) due to extensive hydrolysis. These results would suggest that all subunits are involved in the fibrillation of β-conglycinin, following multiple steps including polypeptide hydrolysis, assembly to amyloid structure, and growth into macroscopic fibrils with a fibril shaving process.     

Comparison of the chemical constituents of aged pu-erh tea, ripened pu-erh tea, and other teas using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn

Pu-erh tea is a popular beverage in southwestern China and South Asian countries. To explain the differences of aged pu-erh tea and ripened pu-erh tea, the chemical constituents of these teas were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n). In addition, HPLC was used to determine the contents of the major polyphenols, gallic acid, caffeine, and theobromine, in various types of teas. These results showed that the majority of chemical constituents in ripened pu-erh tea and aged pu-erh tea were similar, but the contents of catechins and gallic acid presented significant differences between these two teas. After fermentation by microorganism, the levels of catechins in ripened pu-erh tea were decreased, but the contents of gallic acid and caffeine were conversely elevated compared with aged pu-erh tea.     

黄土高原与俄罗斯平原南部干旱地区人工林营造策略分析

通过对比中国黄土高原地区与俄罗斯欧洲部分东南部地区森林生长状况,分析了人工林系统的异同点,探索了可持续的人工造林策略.认为必须通过重新分配大气降水而补充林下土壤水分来改善人工林的生长状况和缓解土壤干化,在中国黄土高原地区可通过调节暴雨径流来实现,而在俄罗斯可通过集中降雪和调节融雪径流实现.