基于组分区分的南方红壤丘陵土壤呼吸对植被类型转换的响应

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要环节之一。长时期的水土保持生态建设导致南方红壤丘陵区植被类型转换非常普遍。探讨植被转换对土壤呼吸及其关键组分的影响,不仅对深入了解土壤呼吸与碳循环的内在机制有着重要的理论价值,还可以为科学评价水土保持生态建设在应对气候变化方面的作用提供科学依据。依托江西水土保持生态科技园对侵蚀退化裸地及其恢复承建后的百喜草地、柑橘果园和湿地松人工林进行了一年尺度的土壤呼吸速率监测。结果表明,土壤呼吸速率月变化呈夏高冬低的曲线模式,最大值出现在8月份或9月份,最小值出现在1月份,植被转换没有改变土壤呼吸的季节变化模式。土壤呼吸速率的季节变化主要受浅层土壤温度的控制,与土壤含水率没有显著关系,5 cm深度土壤温度能解释总呼吸速率和异养呼吸速率季节变异的83.3%和86.0%。随着植被类型由裸地向草地、果园和林地转换,土壤呼吸的温度敏感性系数Q10值由1.86增大到2.20、2.72和2.75,即土壤呼吸对土壤温度的变化越来越敏感。异养呼吸占土壤总呼吸的比例呈现出单峰曲线模式,平均达到72.3%,且随土壤呼吸速率的增大而增大。南方红壤丘陵区侵蚀裸地向人工草地、果园和湿地松人工林转换的过程中土壤呼吸速率有所增强,草地与裸地之间土壤总呼吸速率存在显著性差异,草地与裸地、草地与林地之间土壤异养呼吸速率差异显著。在区域或生态系统尺度上,植被类型是土壤呼吸的重要影响因子。     

Effect of cooking on banana and plantain texture

The effect of temperature and duration of cooking on plantain and banana fruit texture and cytpoplasmic and cell wall components was investigated. The firmness of both banana and plantain pulp tissues decreased rapidly during the first 10 min of cooking in water above 70 degrees C, although plantain was much firmer than banana. Cooking resulted in pectin solubilzation and middle lamella dissolution leading to cell wall separation (as observed by SEM). Dessert banana showed more advanced and extensive breakdown than plantain. Although dessert banana had a higher total pectin content than plantain, the former had smaller-sized carboxyethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA) soluble pectic polymers which are associated with plant tissues that have a propensity to soften. Plantain had higher levels of starch and amylose than banana but this was associated with a firmer fruit texture rather than a softening due to cell swelling during starch gelatinization. Different cooking treatments showed that cooking in 0.5% of CaCl(2) solution and temperatures below 70 degrees C had significant effects on maintenance of pulp firmness.     

Comparison of modeling approaches to quantify residue architecture effects on soil temperature and water

RZ-SHAW is a hybrid model, comprised of modules from the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model integrated into the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) that allows more detailed simulation of different residue types and architectures that affect heat and water transfer at the soil surface. RZ-SHAW allows different methods of surface energy flux evaluation to be used: (1) the SHAW module, where evapotranspiration (ET) and soil heat flux are computed in concert with a detailed surface energy balance; (2) the Shuttleworth–Wallace (S–W) module for ET in which soil surface temperature is assumed equal air temperature; and (3) the PENFLUX module, which uses a Penman transformation for a soil slab under incomplete residue cover. The objective of this study was to compare the predictive accuracy of the three RZ-SHAW modules to simulate effects of residue architecture on net radiation, soil temperature, and water dynamics near the soil surface. The model was tested in Akron, Colorado in a wheat residue-covered (both standing and flat) no-till (NT) plot, and a reduced till (RT) plot where wheat residue was incorporated into the soil. Temperature difference between the soil surface and ambient air frequently exceeded 17 °C under RT and NT conditions, invalidating the isothermal assumption employed in the S–W module. The S–W module overestimated net radiation (R_n) by an average of 69 Wm⁻² and underestimated the 3-cm soil temperature (T_s3) by 2.7 °C for the RT plot, attributed to consequences of the isothermal assumption. Both SHAW and PENFLUX modules overestimated midday T_s3 for RT conditions but underestimated T_s3 for NT conditions. Better performances of the SHAW and PENFLUX surface energy evaluations are to be expected as both approaches are more detailed and consider a more discretized domain than the S–W module. PENFLUX simulated net radiation slightly better than the SHAW module for both plots, while T_s3 was simulated the best by SHAW, with a mean bias error of +0.1 °C for NT and +2.7 °C for RT. Simulation results for soil water content in the surface 30 cm (θ_v30) were mixed. The NT conditions were simulated best by SHAW, with mean bias error for θ_v30 within 0.006 m³ m⁻³; RT conditions were simulated best by the PENFLUX module, which was within 0.010 m³ m⁻³.     

当前肉鸭饲养存在的问题及对策

中国是水禽养殖大国。近年来，由于饲养肉鸭成本比快大肉鸡低，经济效益每只1.5～2元，市场消费量越来越大，使中国肉鸭业得到了快速发展，涌现出一大批肉鸭一条龙企业。但由于制种、防疫工程、饲养设施、疾病和饲养管理技术等方面还存在着诸多问题，直接影响了中国肉鸭业的健康发展。该文较为系统地分析了当前存在的问题，介绍了肉种鸭健康养殖的一些饲养管理技术，为中国今后肉鸭业的健康发展提供了参考。     

太湖地区水稻土的发生分类

太湖地区是太湖流域之泛称,包括西起莫干山、北止茅山、南达钱塘江、北到长江右岸的广大地区。在行政上分辖于两省一市(江苏、浙江省与上海市)。除西部与西北部有低山丘陵屏障外,主要是由三角洲形成的平原,故地形平坦开阔,河川纵横,平原上间有残丘兀立,并有众多湖泊,水土资源条件均比较优越。共有土地面积近3万平方公里,其中低山丘陵占20.8%,水面积占20.5%,平原好区占58.7%,可概括为二山二水六分田。     

植物导管壁面增厚结构水动力学模型与流动阻力特性

针对植物木质部导管壁面增厚结构对流动阻力特性的影响问题,提出一种基于计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的植物导管流体建模方法。建立了导管内壁增厚结构的伯努利数学模型,分析导管内径、增厚纹宽、纹高、纹间距和倾斜角等几何结构与导管流阻系数之间的关系;基于剪切应力传输(shear stress transport,SST)k-ω湍流模型建立了螺纹与环纹导管流场仿真模型,对不同几何结构的增厚导管内部水分流动的流场进行了数值模拟。结果表明,导管内径,增厚纹间距和纹高等结构对流体阻力影响显著,增厚纹宽、倾斜角等结构的变化对流体阻力影响较小;壁面增厚结构对小导管的流动阻力影响更加明显,纹高为2.3μm时,在内径为16μm的导管中增厚结构产生的结构流阻占总流阻的57.0%,而内径50μm的导管中增厚结构流阻只占总流阻的27.2%;具有相同结构参数的环纹导管与螺纹导管的水分传输效率接近,且随着导管内径增大两者压降越来越接近(相差小于0.5%)。研究结果为深入研究植物导管水动力学传输特性提供理论依据。     

Soybean oil content QTL mapping and integrating with meta-analysis method for mining genes

Oil content of soybean was a valuable quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. Eleven QTLs were detected by both CIM and MIM method with the population crossed between Charleston and Dong nong594 in recent 3 years (2007, 2008, 2009). Combining the QTLs collected over the past 20 years, an integrated map of oil-content major QTLs in soybean was established using soymap2, which was published in 2004, as a reference. Using the software BioMercator ver.2.1, QTLs were projected from their own maps onto the reference map. In total, ninety-eight QTLs were integrated into soymap2. A meta-analysis method was used to narrow down the confidence interval, and 20 consensus QTLs and their corresponding markers were obtained. Using a local version of GENSCAN, 10,137 sequences in the consensus QTL intervals were predicted. With BLAST, these predicted genes were compared to the International Protein Index database to mine the related genes. The results offer a basis for gene mining and molecular breeding in soybean.     

CCD radiation temperature measurement method for hot continuous casting billet surface

According to the present research status and existing problems of hot continuous billet surface temperature non contact measurement technology, a real time temperature measurement model, which combines two-color(R,G) and monochrome (B) of surface radiation image, is established. The surface image is collected through tricolor charge coupled device (CCD) sensor, at the same time, the temperature dynamic response range of CCD can be improved by controlling integrated time and setting different apertures. Through computer image process technology, multi-point temperature can be measured simultaneously, and 2-D temperature field distribution on continuous casting billet surface can be realized. It is be proved by theory and application that the model and method can provide a theory and technology support for realizing surface temperature field on-line measurement for continuous casting billet.     

A fuzzy logic multicasting algorithm for ad hoc networks

To increase the multicasting efficiency of Ad hoc networks, a fuzzy logic multicasting algorithm (FLMA) is proposed. FLMA adopts the fuzzy logic to tolerate the imprecise information caused by dynamic network topology. The two input variables of the fuzzy logic system are the relative degree of the additional coverage node number and the relative degree of the residual energy. The deferring time of rebroadcast is the output variable of the fuzzy logic system, which is used to optimize the priority of the nodes to rebroadcast. FLMA reduces the redundant retransmission and the chance of the contention and collision, while balances the energy consumption of the nodes. Simulation results reveal that the FLMA achieves better performance than BCAST in terms of the network lifetime, average end-to-end delay, the average number of drops per node and the throughput.     

肉鸽营养需要与饲料研究进展

概述了近年来我国肉鸽的能量、蛋白质等营养需要与饲料研究进展，提出了建立攻关协作网络和研究、制定、颁布肉鸽饲养标准的建议，期望对肉鸽的科研、生产及发展有所帮助。