南洋楹造林密度与施肥均匀设计试验

【目的】探讨栽植密度和施肥对南洋楹早期生长的影响,在揭示主要栽培因素与单株材积、蓄积量相关关系和回归模型的基础上,建立密度与施肥组合栽培模式,使良种、立地、施肥等技术要素合理配合,为经营南洋楹速生丰产林提供理论依据。【方法】采用均匀设计和随机完全区组设计试验法,对栽植密度和施肥量等4因素6水平按照均匀设计表 U6(64)建立南洋楹高效栽培试验方案;通过 Stepwise分析选择最优回归模型,确定主要栽培因素;采用 Uniform Design Version 3.00拟合林分产量与施肥量回归模型;通过二次响应面回归 Rsreg获得优化施肥量。【结果】不同试验处理的平均树高、平均胸径、单株材积和每蓄积量差异均达到极显著水平( P ＜0.01);影响南洋楹生长最主要的因素是栽植密度,从单株材积和每蓄积量平衡点考虑,最优栽植密度为3 m ×3 m;单株材积与施肥量的二次回归模型： Y3=6.54E－2+5.29E－8X22+3.47E－5X3－4.27E－5X4,复相关系数 R =0.9480,回归方程显著;优化拟合施肥量为：过磷酸钙(作基肥)274 g +尿素(作当年追肥)48 g +复合肥(作次年追肥)250 g,将此优化施肥量代入回归方程求得理论单株材积为0.0604 m3,比试验设计中单株材积最低值0.0443 m3提高36.3%;通过最优栽植密度和优化施肥栽培模式,蓄积量可达47.2905 m3·hm －2,比试验设计中最低值19.4040 m3·hm －2提高143.7%。【结论】南洋楹的速生特性在早期得到显著表达,对不同栽植密度和施肥响应积极,辅以集约栽培技术措施可以较好发掘南洋楹良种和土地的生产潜力。本研究采用均匀设计试验法建立了南洋楹最佳栽植密度与施肥组合模式,从尽可能少的试验次数中揭示出因素对指标的影响大小和规律,并且进行优化拟合设计,缩短了研究周期和提高了试验的准确性。     

PGPR对灰枣土壤养分及微生物数量影响的主成分分析

为了得到有益于灰枣生长发育的优势菌种,通过田间试验,研究了灰枣根际促生复合菌株P13K7、P13K24和单一功能菌株P13、P15、K7、K24以及对照(CK)7个处理对灰枣根际土壤养分和微生物数量的影响。应用主成分分析法,将8个指标(p H值、有机质含量、碱解氮含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量、细菌数量、放线菌数量和真菌数量)简化成2个主成分,2个主成分所提供的信息量占全部信息量的90.78%。结果表明:与对照相比,施用PGPR能够改善灰枣土壤养分和提高微生物总量。经过土壤指标的综合分析得出,复合菌株P13K24的应用效果最好。     

基于改进DeepLabv3+的水稻田间杂草识别方法

针对实际稻田环境中水稻与杂草相互遮挡、难以准确区分的问题,提出一种基于改进DeepLabv3+的水稻杂草识别方法。以无人机航拍的复杂背景下稻田杂草图像为研究对象,在DeepLabv3+模型的基础上,选择轻量级网络MobileNetv2作为主干特征提取网络,以减少模型参数量和降低计算复杂度;融合通道和空间双域注意力机制模块,加强模型对重要特征的关注;提出一种基于密集采样的多分支感受野级联融合结构对空洞空间金字塔池化模块(ASPP)进行改进,扩大对全局和局部元素特征的采样范围;对模型解码器部分进行改进。设置消融试验验证改进方法的有效性,并与改进前DeepLabv3+、UNet、PSPNet、HrNet模型进行对比试验。试验结果表明,改进后模型对水稻田间杂草的识别效果最佳,其平均交并比(MIoU)、平均像素准确率(mPA)、F1值分别为90.72%、95.67%、94.29%,较改进前模型分别提高3.22、1.25、2.65个百分点;改进后模型内存占用量为11.15 MB,约为原模型的1/19,网络推算速度为103.91 f/s。结果表明改进后模型能够实现复杂背景下水稻与杂草分割,研究结果可...     

基于高光谱图谱融合技术的英德红茶等级快速无损判别

茶叶等级评价是检测茶叶品质的一项重要技术指标。通过提取红茶高光谱成像技术下的图像特征和光谱特征,构建一种基于图谱融合方法、适用于英德红茶等级评价的快速无损判别模型。首先制备3种不同等级的红茶样本,采用t分布-随机近邻嵌入和主成分分析对光谱数据进行降维可视化分析,然后从影响内在品质角度用连续投影法提取每种化学值的特征波长,通过多模型共识策略和竞争性自适应重加权算法-连续投影法筛选得出表征其内在品质的最佳特征波长组合,并建立基于遗传算法优化支持向量机的等级判别模型;其模型的训练集准确率为88%,预测集准确率为78.33%。为了融合外形纹理差异,先提取最佳特征波长组合对应的高光谱图像;采用图像掩膜消除背景的干扰和采用图像主成分分析消除多波长图像间的冗余信息,然后采用灰度共生矩阵和局部二值化算法提取主成分前三维主成分图像与特征光谱融合,并建立基于特征融合的遗传算法优化支持向量机等级判别模型,且基于第三主成分图像特征融合模型判别效果最佳,训练集准确率提升至98%,预测集准确率提升至96.67%。     

Optimization of lipase-catalyzed regioselective acylation of pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

Response surface methodology was successfully applied to optimize lipase-catalyzed regioselective esterification of pyridoxine (PN). Effects of various reaction conditions, including reaction temperature, time, enzyme loading, substrate molar ratio, and water activity, were investigated. A central composite design was employed to search for the optimal conversion of PN. A quadratic polynomial regression model was used for analysis of the experimental data at a 95% level (p < 0.05). The analysis confirmed that the water activity was the most significant factor affecting the conversion of PN. It was also suggested that the conversion was strongly affected by independent variables of temperature, time, substrate molar ratio, and water activity as well as interaction terms of temperature and enzyme loading/substrate molar ratio/water activity, time and enzyme loading/substrate molar ratio, substrate molar ratio, and water activity. The coefficient of determination of the model was found to be 0.963. Three sets of optimum reaction conditions were established, and the verified experimental trials were performed for validating the optimum points. A scale-up experiment was also done under the first set of optimal conditions.     

饲用型牧草东科“巨谷”改土培肥效应研究

在河西走廊盐土上种植饲用型牧草东科"巨谷",改土培肥效果明显。种植巨谷3年与CK比较,0～20cm土层中自然含水量增加99.72g kg-1、土壤贮水量增加171.78m3 hm-2、>0.25mm团粒结构增加22.64%、总孔度增加13.64%、毛管孔度增加8.05%、土壤容重降低0.23g cm3;pH由8.03降到7.79,全盐含量降低3.70 g kg-1,脱盐率达到70.34%;土壤有机质增加2.98 g kg-1、速效N、P、K分别增加14.74mg kg-1、2.26mg kg-1、37.26 mg kg-1。种植巨谷3年,平均株高265.25cm,茎粗3.80cm,单株鲜重1165.62g,单株干重384.65g,鲜草产量78.68t hm-2,干草产量25.96t hm-2,产值7300元hm-2。     

Flumorph Is a Novel Fungicide That Disrupts Microfilament Organization in Phytophthora melonis

ABSTRACT The mechanism of the effects of flumorph (a novel fungicide) was investigated by analyzing alterations of hyphal morphology, cell wall deposition patterns, F-actin organization, and other organelles in Phytophthora melonis. Calcofluor white staining suggested that flumorph did not inhibit the synthesis of cell wall materials, but disturbed the polar deposition of newly synthesized cell wall materials during cystospore germination and hyphal growth. After exposure to flumorph, zoospores were able to switch into cystospores accompanied with the formation of a cell wall, whereas cystospores failed to induce the isotropic-polar switch and did not produce germ tubes but continued the isotropic growth phase. In flumorph-treated hyphae, the most characteristic change was the development of periodic swelling ("beaded" morphology) and the disruption of tip growth. Newly synthesized cell wall materials were deposited uniformly throughout the diffuse expanded region of hyphae, in contrast to their normal polarized patterns of deposition. These alterations were the result of F-actin disruption, identified with the fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC)-phalloidin staining. The disruption of F-actin also was accompanied by disorganized organelles: each swelling of subapical hyphae was associated with a nucleus. Vesicles did not undergo polarized secretion to the apical hyphae, but diffused around nuclei for the subapical growth; thus, the cell wall was thickened with periodic expansion along the hyphae. Upon removing flumorph, normal tip growth and organized F-actin were observed again. These data, as well as data published earlier, suggest that flumorph may be involved in the impairment of cell polar growth through directly or indirectly disrupting the organization of F-actin. The primary site of action by flumorph in the disruption of the F-actin organization is under investigation.     

思茅松木材表面憎水憎油功能化改性研究

【目的】提高实木制品在油水共存环境下的尺寸稳定性,探索实木材料在公共餐饮服务区家具、食品与调料包装、厨卫家具和客餐厅木质用品等领域的应用潜力。【方法】将甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)与盐酸按体积比4︰1混合,在冰浴中进行超声水解后对思茅松Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis木材进行浸渍改性处理,对比研究MTMS不同预水解反应时间(0、30、60、120、180和240 min)对思茅松木材表面憎水憎油特性的影响,通过扫描电镜、接触角分析仪、红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱和热失重分析仪对改性前后木材结构组成和特性变化进行表征。【结果】经MTMS改性处理后,思茅松木材表面键合了Si—CH3、Si—O—Si、Si—OH等低表面能的基团,改性思茅松从对照样表面对水和油完全浸润转变为具有憎水憎油的双憎功能型木材,MTMS改性后思茅松木材表面水接触角的变化明显大于油接触角的。随着预水解时间从0延长至240 min,水接触角从73.60°升高至88.31°,而油接触角仅在50.50°附近有微小波动。MTMS改性处理后,木材热稳定性提升,质量残余率升高,最大热降解温度升高了6℃,整...     

不同播种时期对酸枣仁出苗及生长的影响

以野生酸枣种子的种仁为试验材料,研究不同播种时期对酸枣出苗及生长的影响。结果表明,5月16日和5月6日播种出苗率最高,分别为89.61%和87.19%,显著高于4月26日的处理,极显著高于其他3个处理。5月6日播种的种苗长势最强,各生长指标最高,地径可达7.59 mm;其次是4月26日的处理。5月16日播种的种苗长势最弱,地径仅为5.80 mm,极显著低于其他5个处理。综合酸枣出苗及生长指标,酸枣育苗最佳播期为5月6日,其次为4月26日,建议当地酸枣育苗在4月下旬至5月上旬播种。     

基于GIS的贵阳地区美味猕猴桃种植气候适应性区划

【目的】通过分析贵阳不同县区气候特点和影响美味猕猴桃生长的关键气象因子,建立区划指标体系,为贵阳地区猕猴桃产业合理规划布局提供科学依据。【方法】基于贵阳地区208个气象站点2000-2020年的气象数据,通过分析影响猕猴桃品质和产量的主要气候因子,采用GIS技术对贵阳美味猕猴桃种植适应性进行区划。【结果】贵阳地区热量、降水、光照均适宜猕猴桃生长发育。以年平均气温、年降水量、≥10℃积温、1月均温、7月均温、日照时数这6个气候因子作为划分贵阳地区美味猕猴桃栽培气候适宜的主要因子,每个指标分 4 级,对应高适宜、适宜、次适宜和不适宜,美味猕猴桃种植最适宜区位于贵阳地区四周的低海拔区域,适宜区位于贵阳地区中部偏北区域。【结论】贵阳地区均属于猕猴桃种植适宜区,目前实际种植情况与美味猕猴桃气候适宜性区划结果基本相符。