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991.
Lissette C. Hernández-Cubero Peter Ampofo Juan M. Montes Ralf T. Voegele 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,147(2):325-337
Sexual reproduction in fungi is controlled by mating type genes, which are located at the MAT locus. In this study, we investigated the structure of this locus in the phytopathogenic fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa, the causal agent of citrus black spot disease. Despite intensive study, its sexual state has never been observed in single-spore culture. Through analysis of the genome sequences of two individual P. citricarpa isolates, the sequence of the DNA lyase gene was identified and, as previously reported in the literature, the mating type genes were located in the 3′ flanking region of this gene. The results suggested that P. citricarpa is heterothallic, owing to the exclusive presence of the MAT1–1 or MAT1–2 gene in individual strains. In order to characterize the MAT locus, we designed primers to amplify this region. P. citricarpa was found to have complete and apparently functional copies of MAT genes, containing α-1 and HMG domains, present in different isolates. In addition to MAT1–2-1 and MAT1–1-1 genes, the MAT1–1-4 gene was located in the 5′ flanking region of the MAT1–1-1 gene and the MAT1–2-5 gene was located in 5′ flanking region of the MAT1–2-1 gene. A multiplex PCR protocol was also developed to differentiate P. citricarpa idiomorphs, which can be used in distribution and incidence studies of mating type strains, in order to determine the occurrence of sexual reproduction and to facility crossing studies. Furthermore, in Brazil, the two idiomorphs occur in a 1:1 ratio, which is expected in sexually reproducing populations. 相似文献
992.
Peter A Robertson Tim Adriaens Xavier Lambin Aileen Mill Sugoto Roy Craig M Shuttleworth Mike Sutton‐Croft 《Pest management science》2017,73(2):273-279
Numerous examples exist of successful mammalian invasive alien species (IAS) eradications from small islands (<10 km2), but few from more extensive areas. We review 15 large‐scale removals (mean area 2627 km2) from Northern Europe since 1900, including edible dormouse, muskrat, coypu, Himalayan porcupine, Pallas' and grey squirrels and American mink, each primarily based on daily checking of static traps. Objectives included true eradication or complete removal to a buffer zone, as distinct from other programmes that involved local control to limit damage or spread. Twelve eradication/removal programmes (80%) were successful. Cost increased with and was best predicted by area, while the cost per unit area decreased; the number of individual animals removed did not add significantly to the model. Doubling the area controlled reduced cost per unit area by 10%, but there was no evidence that cost effectiveness had increased through time. Compared with small islands, larger‐scale programmes followed similar patterns of effort in relation to area. However, they brought challenges when defining boundaries and consequent uncertainties around costs, the definition of their objectives, confirmation of success and different considerations for managing recolonisation. Novel technologies or increased use of volunteers may reduce costs. Rapid response to new incursions is recommended as best practice rather than large‐scale control to reduce the environmental, financial and welfare costs. © 2016 Crown copyright. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献
993.
994.
Thomas C Mueller Ethan T Parker Larry Steckel Sharon A Clay Micheal DK Owen William S Curran Randall Currie Robert Scott Christy Sprague Daniel O Stephenson Donnie K Miller Eric P Prostko W James Grichar James Martin L Jason Kruz Kevin Bradley Mark L Bernards Peter Dotray Stevan Knezevic Vince Davis Robert Klein 《Pest management science》2017,73(9):1953-1961
995.
Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy in Caenorhabditis elegans and Globodera pallida: evidence for an ivermectin‐activated decrease in lipid stores
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996.
Inge M Krijger Steven R Belmain Grant R Singleton Peter WG Groot Koerkamp Bastiaan G Meerburg 《Pest management science》2017,73(12):2397-2402
Current reactive pest management methods have serious drawbacks such as the heavy reliance on chemicals, emerging genetic rodenticide resistance and high secondary exposure risks. Rodent control needs to be based on pest species ecology and ethology to facilitate the development of ecologically based rodent management (EBRM). An important aspect of EBRM is a strong understanding of rodent pest species ecology, behaviour and spatiotemporal factors. Gaining insight into the behaviour of pest species is a key aspect of EBRM. The landscape of fear (LOF) is a mapping of the spatial variation in the foraging cost arising from the risk of predation, and reflects the levels of fear a prey species perceives at different locations within its home range. In practice, the LOF maps habitat use as a result of perceived fear, which shows where bait or traps are most likely to be encountered and used by rodents. Several studies have linked perceived predation risk of foraging animals with quitting‐harvest rates or giving‐up densities (GUDs). GUDs have been used to reflect foraging behaviour strategies of predator avoidance, but to our knowledge very few papers have directly used GUDs in relation to pest management strategies. An opportunity for rodent control strategies lies in the integration of the LOF of rodents in EBRM methodologies. Rodent management could be more efficient and effective by concentrating on those areas where rodents perceive the least levels of predation risk. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献
997.
998.
Suzanne Osorio Lujan Walid Habre Youssef Daali Zhaoxin Pan Peter W. Kronen 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):665-675
Objective
To determine the absorption characteristics of fentanyl and buprenorphine administered transdermally in swine.Study design
A randomized comparative experimental trial.Animals
Twenty-four Yorkshire gilts weighing 27.8 ± 2.2 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Animals were randomly assigned to different doses of transdermal patches (TPs) of fentanyl (50 μg hour?1, 75 μg hour?1 and 100 μg hour?1) or buprenorphine (35 μg hour?1 and 70 μg hour?1), once or twice. Thirteen blood samples were obtained for each TP applied. Plasma concentrations were determined, and the area under the curve, peak serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax were calculated.Results
Fentanyl: Cmax was observed at different time points: for the first TP application: 30 hours for 50 μg hour?1, 6 hours for 75 μg hour?1 and 100 μg hour?1 patches; and for the second TP application: 30 hours for 50 μg hour?1 and 36 hours for 75 μg hour?1 patches. Buprenorphine: serum concentrations were not detected for the 35 μg hour?1 patch; Cmax was observed at different times for the 70 μg hour?1 patch: 18 hours (n = 1), 24 hours (n = 3), 30 hours (n = 1) and 42 hours (n = 1) after application of the first patch and 12 hours after the second patch.Conclusions and clinical relevance
A relevant serum concentration obtained with fentanyl TP dosed at 75 μg hour?1 or 100 μg hour?1suggests that TPs could represent an analgesia option for laboratory pigs weighing 25–30 kg. As concentrations of buprenorphine were variable, this study does not support the use of buprenorphine TPs in pigs. Consecutive fentanyl or buprenorphine TPs did not provide reliable serum concentrations. Further pharmacokinetic studies and analgesiometric tests in swine are needed to confirm the clinical adequacy of TPs. 相似文献999.
Method comparison and generation of plasma biochemistry RIs for the White rhinoceros on a point‐of‐care and wet chemistry analyzer
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1000.