Use of supplemental amino acids on the success of reducing dietary protein levels for Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of essential amino acids (EAA) supplementation on the success of dietary protein reduction for Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Five diets were formulated including a positive control (Diet 1, 378.4 g/kg protein), a negative control (Diet 5, 289.8 g/kg protein) and three test diets (Diet 2‐Diet 4, 340.4–299.0 g/kg protein supplemented with EAA). No significant decline of growth performance in fish fed decreased dietary protein with EAA supplementation, which were significantly higher than the negative control. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein and most EAAs were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Dietary treatments did not affect whole‐body composition, but influenced protein and EAAs retentions. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion decreased with the decreasing dietary protein, and the highest plasma ammonia content was observed in fish fed Diet 5. Plasma glucose concentration increased with the decreasing dietary protein reduction, while other plasma parameters were not affected by dietary treatments. These results indicated that low‐protein diets (299.0 g/kg) supplemented with EAA can maintain protein, EAA digestibility and retention in Jian carp, and also has benefit in the reduction of TAN excretion.     

Essential amino acids supplementation to practical diets affects growth,feed utilization and glucose metabolism‐related signalling molecules of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Six diets were formulated to investigate the success of fish meal (FM) replacement by plant proteins; diet 1 reflected a commercial feed (8% FM), diet 3 contained 4% FM, and diet 5 was devoid of FM. Whereas, diet 2, diet 4, and diet 6 reflected diet 1, diet 3, diet 5, respectively, and supplemented with essential amino acid (EAA). At the end of 8‐week trial, there was no significant difference in survival rate. Significantly higher final weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate were recorded in the group fed diet 2 compared with the other treatments (except diet 4) (p < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio of fish fed diet 2 was significantly lower than those fed diets 1, 3, and 5 (p < 0.05). The lowest feed intake and highest protein efficiency rate were found in fish fed diet 2 (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in whole body compositions between treatments. Plasma aspartate transaminases, alanine aminotransferase, and glucose were significantly affected by dietary treatments (p < 0.05), while plasma protein and albumin contents were not influenced by the treatments. The relative expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (alpha) (PIK3R1) in fish fed diet 3 (4% FM) were significantly down‐regulated compared with those fed diet 6 for TOR and diets 4 and 6 for PIK3R1 (p < 0.05). Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS‐1) and janus kinase 3 (JAK3) expressions were fluctuated, with the higher levels in fish fed diets 4 and 6. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that plant protein mixture supplemented with EAA could be used to substitute FM in practical diet for Megalobrama amblycephala.     

Expression and functional characterization of glutamine synthetase from giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) under osmotic stress

The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii naturally lives in the freshwater, though it migrates to the brackish water environment during spawning that claimed to be resistant on a broad range of saline fluxes. However, little is known about the osmoregulatory patterns and the effect of an enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) in M. rosenbergii under stress. Here, we described the identification and functional characterization of GS from M. rosenbergii (Mr‐GS) at molecular and protein levels. The identified Mr‐GS was comprised of 361 amino acids that phylogenetically shared the highest identity with other crustaceans and predicted to contain Gln‐synt_C and Gln‐synt_N domains at the respective terminal regions. Tissue distribution analysis in M. rosenbergii revealed that the Mr‐GS was highly expressed in muscle, and commonly existed in other examined tissues in the following order gills > heart > stomach > brain > haemolymph. Whereas, the mRNA of Mr‐GS was significantly up‐regulated in the muscle and gill tissues following challenges with either hyper (0 → 13‰), or hypo (13 → 0‰) osmotic stress at 3, 6 and 12 hr. Furthermore, the level of Glutamine concentration was positively correlated with the GS mRNA and protein expression patterns in hyper‐osmotic stress, whereas in hypo‐osmotic stress a slight decrease in the gills and maintained a level in the muscle tissues at 3, 6 and 12 hr post‐treatments. Our findings suggest that Mr‐GS potentially exhibited the osmoregulation responses in the gill and muscle tissues of M. rosenbergii throughout the time of osmotic stress, which will benefit for future study on osmoregulation.     

水氮耦合对直播早籼稻苗期低温冷害的调控效应

为探究水氮耦合对直播早籼稻苗期低温冷害的调控作用,以耐冷品种湘早籼6号和冷敏感品种中嘉早17为供试材料,设置适温不施氮（CK）、低温不施氮（LT-0N）、低温低氮（LT-LN）、低温高氮（LT-HN）、低温淹水不施氮（LTF-0N）、低温淹水低氮（LTF-LN）和低温淹水高氮（LTF-HN）7个处理,处理5d,分析秧苗农艺性状、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质、氮代谢相关酶与光合酶活性、内源激素含量等生理生态特性。结果表明,水氮耦合可缓解低温冷害对直播早籼稻造成的伤害。与LT-LN处理相比,LT-HN处理5d后冷敏感品种中嘉早17的苗高、根数、最大根长、鲜重、干重、顶部第1和第3片叶长显著增加;与LTF-0N处理相比,LTF-LN和LTF-HN处理5d后,不同耐性品种的根数、根长、鲜重和顶部第3片叶长显著增加,LTF-LN处理的根数和鲜重高于LTF-HN处理。与LT-0N处理相比,LT-HN和LTF-LN处理显著增加冷敏感品种中嘉早17叶片氮代谢相关酶和光合酶活性、硝态氮、叶绿素和内源生长促进类激素含量,但降低了叶片抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白、渗透调节物质和内源生长抑制类激素含量,高氮和淹水低...     

阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀的时空变化及驱动力

[目的]分析2000—2020年阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀时空变化及其影响因素,为该区土壤侵蚀治理与国土空间规划提供科学指导。[方法]基于降水、土地利用、土壤和遥感影像等数据,采用GIS技术和RUSLE模型开展研究。[结果](1)2000—2020年阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀强度主要以微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀为主,高等级侵蚀面积不断增加,阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀状况十分严峻;(2)阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀严重区主要分布在阴山山脉沿线和内蒙古多伦县大部分地区;(3)土地利用类型是阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀主要影响因子,各因子解释力大小依次为：土地利用类型>植被覆盖度>降雨>坡度。土地利用类型为耕地,植被覆盖度小于0.3,坡度在15°～20°和降雨量在365～413 mm之间的地区为高风险侵蚀区域。[结论]阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀程度整体偏高。植被覆盖度低的耕地和草地应为阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀治理重点区域,应采取植树造林种草,扩大林草覆盖面,改善植被覆盖率,降低地表径流速率,提高下渗能力,来控制土壤侵蚀发生。     

贡柑黑腐病发生规律研究

2011—2012年采用盆栽苗人工接种和田间调查相结合的方法,研究了贡柑产区近年为害严重的黑腐病(病原菌为Alternaria citri)的发生规律。结果表明:在人工接种条件下,其病原菌可以从没有伤口的叶面侵入,但更易从伤口入侵;贡柑和默科特桔最感病,其次是椪柑和南丰蜜桔,在有伤口和连续下雨的条件下马水桔、沙糖桔和温州蜜柑的嫩芽也偶被感染,橙类、柚类、柠檬和金柑抗病。在田间,贡柑、默科特桔最感病,其次是南丰蜜桔、椪柑,马水桔、沙糖桔、温州蜜柑未见发病。刚抽发的嫩梢和幼果易感病,组织越嫩越易感病,老叶、成熟果实感病少,幼树和刚结果树以及嫩梢多的树发病重。该病原菌孢子萌发需要高湿,下雨、高温、高湿有利于该病的发生和流行。夏梢发病最重,其次是春梢和幼果,秋梢发病轻。在人工接种条件下,只要下雨和温度达到15～30℃,1～3天即可显症,病斑沿着叶脉快速扩展。发病快、扩展快是其难防治的最大原因。     

不同蛋白能量比饲料对草鱼幼鱼消化酶活性的影响

以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源,鱼油和豆油等比例混合油为脂肪源,共配制4个蛋白水平(20%、25%、30%、35%),每一蛋白水平设4个脂肪水平(4.5%、8%、11.5%、15%),共16组饲料。每组设3个重复,在水温23~29℃下,连续投喂初始体重为(16.84±0.28)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)10周,研究不同蛋白能量比饲料对草鱼幼鱼消化酶活性的影响。结果显示:肠道蛋白酶的活性随着饲料蛋白含量的升高而显著升高(P<0.05),饲料蛋白水平在20%~30%时,饲料中的脂肪水平对蛋白酶活性影响不显著(P>0.05),蛋白水平在35%时,高脂肪抑制了蛋白酶活性,肝胰脏的蛋白酶变化规律类似于肠道;肠道和肝胰脏淀粉酶活性在饲料蛋白含量相同的情况下,随着脂肪含量的升高呈现显著的下降趋势(P<0.05),但饲料中蛋白(30%,35%)和脂肪(8%,11.5%,15%)含量较高时,淀粉酶活性较稳定;肠道和肝胰脏的脂肪酶活性在饲料蛋白含量相同的情况下,随着脂肪含量的升高,呈显著上升的趋势(P<0.05),但在蛋白含量(30%,35%)和脂肪含量(8%、11.5%,15%)的6个试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);在脂肪含量分别为4.5%、8%和11.5%时,饲料的蛋白含量对肠道的脂肪酶活性无显著性影响(P>0.05),当脂肪含量为15%时,随着蛋白含量的升高,肠道的脂肪酶活性显著降低(P<0.05)。结果表明,草鱼饲料中蛋白含量为30%和脂肪为8%(即蛋白能量比21.7 mg/kJ)的试验组草鱼获得较高的消化酶活性。     

苏木高优栽培综合利用研究

指出了苏木属苏木科常绿乔木,为热带、亚热带珍贵乡土树种,具有生长迅速、生长量大、适应性强、改良林地土壤等生物学特性。对苏木的生物学特性、育苗造林技术、树种的开发利用等方面的研究状况进行了综述。提出了今后苏木良种选育、生长规律、木材材性及林木经营管理等方面的研究方向,为进一步挖掘该树种的潜力,为主产区造林工作提供技术参考。     

轴流泵多工况压力脉动特性试验

为了掌握不同流量工况下的轴流泵压力脉动特性,在轴流泵叶轮段和导叶段外壁面布置了6个压力脉动监测点,对多个流量工况的压力脉动进行了动态测量,揭示了轴流泵内部不同位置处压力脉动规律。试验结果表明,叶轮进口监测点P1的波形为规则的正弦波形,叶轮内部中间测点P2的压力脉动峰峰值最大,叶轮进口监测点P1压力脉动次之。叶轮进口、叶轮中间和叶轮出口监测点由于受到叶轮内压力梯度的交替变化影响,时域脉动周期与叶片旋转周期一致,在小流量工况下叶轮内部涡流诱导了明显的二次谐波。基于快速傅里叶变换,获得了不同监测点压力脉动频域分布结果,并发现叶轮区域3个压力脉动测点在不同工况的主频均为叶片通过频率(BPF),谐频为叶频的倍数,其幅值呈指数形式衰减。但在导叶进口、导叶中间和导叶出口监测点的压力脉动频域中出现了撞击和回流诱导的低频信号,同时也存在叶轮的主频及其谐频。