数字农业试验平台硬件设计

设计了数字农业试验平台车的硬件体系结构及其各个部分的组成结构.平台硬件体系由车载工控机子系统、运动控制子系统、视觉处理子系统和无线通信子系统等4个子系统(模块)组成.车载工控机系统采用研华一体化工作站-AWS-8248VTP,运动控制子系统由TI公司的TMS320LF2407A快速DSP运动控制芯片、步进电机和电机驱动器组成,视觉处理子系统由摄像头组成,无线通信子系统采用海信数码Hi-Link UW210g无线网络适配器,为数字农业技术的研究提供了较为理想的试验平台.     

聚类分析在我国果树研究中的应用及问题分析

对近１０年来聚类分析在我国果树研究中的应用情况进行了简要总结。涉及十余种果树及系统聚类和模糊聚类两种聚类分析方法。文中对有关问题进行了分析和讨论。     

How Long can Rogued Potato Plants Left in the Field Be a Source of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato Virus Y</Emphasis> for Aphids?

Removal of diseased plants (roguing) is commonly practiced in seed potato production. Diseased plants left to desiccate in fields could possibly serve as sources of Potato virus Y (PVY). PVY acquisition by three aphid species (Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Aphis fabae) was evaluated with leaflets from rogued plants for seven days. Results showed greater PVY acquisition rates in non-colonizing aphids species compared to colonizing ones. The proportion of aphids leaving leaflets increased with time (i.e. days after plants were uprooted) and some aphids were carrying PVY in their stylets on each of the seven days of the experiment, suggesting that aphids were able to probe and acquire PVY even when plants wilted. These results confirmed that diseased plants left in fields can serve as a source of PVY for aphids even after they wilted and emphasises that proper actions must be taken to efficiently remove diseased plants from fields.     

Effectiveness of Combined Use of Mineral Oil and Insecticide Spray in Reducing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato Virus Y</Emphasis> (PVY) Spread under Field Conditions in New Brunswick,Canada

In the 2014 and 2015 crop seasons, the efficacies of different types, rates and combinations of mineral oil and insecticide foliar sprays for reducing Potato virus Y (PVY) spread were tested in controlled field trials in New Brunswick (NB), Canada. Experimental plots were planted with certified PVY-free Goldrush, supplemented with known virus-infected seed to raise PVY inoculum to 2.3% and 3% at the beginning of the 2014 and 2015 seasons, respectively. Treatments consisted of mineral oil-only sprays at different application rates, insecticide-only sprays of differing numbers, and several combined mineral oil and insecticide spray regimes, all compared to a no-spray control treatment. PVY spread to 18% (2014) and 22% (2015) of initially virus-free plants in no-spray control plots, with significant reductions observed in PVY spread in several treatments. Greatest PVY reductions, as low as 4% (2014) and 12% (2015), were in combined mineral oil and insecticide spray treatments, followed by oil-only sprays; while insecticide-only sprays did not significantly reduce PVY spread. As well as measuring PVY spread to marked test plants and randomly collected post-harvest tuber sample from the plots, exhibited similar treatment pattern for PVY incidence. Multiple logistic regression modeling confirmed the relative efficacy of combined oil and insecticide sprays for reducing PVY spread, while accounting for variable inoculum and aphid factors. Modeling also highlighted the importance of planting low-PVY seed initially, and of early application of foliar sprays. Local best management practice recommendations for reduction of in-field PVY spread were discussed.     

西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌的种类和生物学特性,分别采用常规组织分离法和土壤混悬液分离法从宁夏、陕西和甘肃3个省区采集的29份疮痂病发病薯块和8份发病地块土壤中进行病原菌分离,并利用形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明,从发病薯块和发病土壤中共分离到50株链霉菌Streptomyces spp.,通过回接法验证获得6株马铃薯疮痂病致病菌株。6株致病菌株的培养特性和形态特征差别较大;其中菌株G4-1、G9和SYN13不能以果糖和木糖为单一碳源,菌株SYNT3不能以棉子糖为单一碳源;除菌株NLG4-1外,其余5株菌株均能在络氨酸琼脂培养基上产生黑色素。经16S rDNA序列分析,菌株G4-1、G9与疮痂病链霉菌S. scabiei的相似率分别达99.47%和99.34%,菌株NLG4-1、SYNT3与S. enissocaesilis的相似率分别达97.90%和98.18%,菌株GBH2与加利利链霉菌S. galilaeus的相似率达99.93%,菌株SYN13与S. turgidiscabies的相似率达97.56%,表明西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌至少存在4个种。     

循环式岩棉栽培水肥一体化装备及控制系统研发

为提高我国循环式岩棉栽培水肥管理水平,自主研发设计了循环式岩棉栽培水肥一体化智能装备及控制系统。系统根据植株的生长发育状态、需水需肥规律以及环境条件,通过智能控制系统全自动地进行营养液的检测、配比和灌溉决策,并结合营养液回收消毒技术,实现营养液的重复利用。系统提供便于操作的硬件设备以及全自动智能运行的控制系统,可对岩棉栽培水肥实现全自动智能精准管理,节水节肥20%以上,实现农业生产的零排放。经过在不同园区的试验和应用,验证该系统运行稳定,适用性强。在宁夏园艺产业园番茄生产应用可达到45.4 kg/m2的高产。      

农业科技人员分类评价指标体系研究——以江苏省农业科学研究院为例

客观科学地评价农业科技人员是建设高质量农业人才队伍的关键环节。然而,目前我国农业科技人员评价仍缺乏一个科学完善地能将管理与发展取向相结合的分类评价体系。文章以江苏省农业科学研究院为例,在对农业科技人员评价体系设计原则进行分析的基础上,通过问卷调查和专家意见等方式确定了4类农业科技人员的评价指标,并运用层次分析法（AHP）计算指标的权重大小,由此构建出农业科技人员的分类评价体系,重点阐述了该评价体系在组织中的管理取向与发展取向的应用。该文对于农业科技人员的激励与开发具有较强的实践指导意义,丰富和拓展了地区级农业科研院所中的科技人才评价理论研究。     

畦灌灌水技术要素组合优化

以杨凌区进行的畦灌大田试验为基础,采用WinSRFR软件对各试验点的灌水质量进行了模拟,并分析了畦长、田面坡度、入畦单宽流量和改口成数对灌水效率Ea、灌水均匀度Ed和储水效率Es的影响;在此基础上,结合均匀试验设计与多元回归分析的方法,构建了包含灌水效率Ea、灌水均匀度Ed和储水效率Es在内的单目标优化模型,以入畦单宽流量和灌水时间为变量,采用遗传算法对模型进行求解,提出了试验点不同计划灌水深度条件下畦灌灌水技术要素的优化组合,结果表明其可获得高的灌水质量,达到常规畦灌节水的目的。     

双针结构土壤水分传感器探针最优长度分析与试验

在两针平行式探针结构的阻抗模型的基础上,进一步理论推导了终端开路式和终端短路式两种类型土壤水分传感器探针长度与阻抗特性的关系.借助高频分析软件HFSS确定了两针平行式土壤水分传感器的最佳探针结构,并采用有机溶液模拟土壤体积含水率进行了试验,试验结果表明:终端开路式和终端短路式土壤水分传感器探针长度在0 ～8.3 cm时,其土壤体积含水率测量范围达到0～100％.     

基于机器视觉的帧种子数识别及其应用

首先,介绍了采用机器视觉的精播排种器性能检测方法;然后,在对获取样本图像进行处理的基础上,完成帧种子数的识别,利用采样频率和排种频率之间的关系,构造了帧种子数、帧型孔数和型孔种子数频数统计模型,计算出排种器性能指标。试验表明,此方法检测误差小,速度快,精度高。