Tillage – impact on infiltration of the Loess Plateau of China

In arid and semiarid regions, water infiltration is often affected by the soil surface conditions, such as the soil crusts and soil roughness. The objective of this laboratory study was to assess the effects of soil crusts and tillage treatments on soil infiltration in the Loess Plateau of China. A simulated rainfall storm at 80 mm h^?1 rate was applied to soil boxes set to slopes of 5°, 10°, 15° and 20° with two soil surface conditions (crusted and uncrusted) and three tillage treatments (contour tillage [CT], artificial digging [AD] and straight slope [SS]) to investigate the infiltration rates. The results show that the infiltration rate was always lower under the SS treatment than under the CT and AD treatments. The time interval to the steady state was shorter under the SS (10 min) than under the CT and AD treatments (15–20 min). The final infiltration rate was nearly the same under the CT treatment and AD treatment; whereas, the SS treatment resulted in the lowest final infiltration rate. The infiltration rates were always greater in soils without crusts than in soils with crusts. The slopes, soil crusts and tillage treatments had significant (p < 0.001) effects on the cumulative infiltration rates. The combined effects of the slopes and tillage treatments on the cumulative infiltration rates were much more significant (p < 0.01) than the other combined effects (p < 0.05).     

氮钾配施对花菜产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

花菜氮、钾配施试验研究结果表明:氮、钾肥料配合施用不仅能够增加产量,提高果实中Vc和糖分含量,改善品质,而且能够促进花菜对氮、磷、钾等养分的吸收,提高肥料利用率.     

硅对水稻生长的影响及其缓解镉毒害机理研究进展

为研发高效硅肥和防治农田镉污染提供借鉴资料,本文综述了施加硅肥对水稻生长发育的影响,包括提高水稻产量和品质,增强抗倒伏、抗病虫害及干旱等逆境的能力,尤其是增强抗镉毒害等能力。并从生理学机制和土壤学机制两方面重点分析了施加硅肥对缓解镉毒害作用的可能机理。生理学机制方面:硅通过参与水稻的生理代谢活动,使水稻抗氧化系统酶的活性和清除自由基的能力增强;抑制镉的吸收及其在水稻体内的运输;硅与镉在水稻体内的螯合和区隔作用。土壤学机制方面:硅肥改变土壤理化性质,降低土壤中有效态镉的含量;硅镉吸附沉淀作用,减少水稻对镉吸收。最后针对硅肥的开发利用及技术推广提出展望。     

豆渣膳食纤维的研究

目前,从豆渣中提取膳食纤维,并利用其制备功能型食品,引起国内外的广泛关注。系统阐述了豆渣中膳食纤维的提取方式及影响因素,并介绍了膳食纤维在食品制造业中的应用。     

浅谈猪精液保存在人工授精中的发展与展望

在世界上主要的猪肉生产国中,猪人工授精(AI)技术的应用率在90%以上。尽管猪冷冻精液技术在不断进步,但由于其效率不高,在猪场实际生产中并不多见使用。在猪人工授精技术中,液态精液是目前应用最广泛的精液,与传统的牛冷冻精液不同,其独特的精子微胶囊保护膜技术,可以对猪精子进行更加完善的液态保存,因此液态精液是目前猪人工授精使用的主要方式。文章综述了猪精液保存技术在人工授精中的应用,并展望了今后的发展方向,为人工授精技术助力恢复生猪生产提供参考。     

SolidWorks管路设计在污水处理设备中的应用

将SolidWorks管道设计功能应用于污水处理设备的设计中,探讨了自定义零件的创建方法以及管道零件库的建立方法,并基于上述方法,介绍了如何按自底向上的顺序完成污水处理设备三维管路的设计工作。      

不同灌溉水分生产率指标的时空变异与相关关系

选择灌溉系统中的不同灌水量作为投入,建立毛灌溉水分生产率(Pg)、渠系灌溉水分生产率(Pc)及净灌溉水分生产率(Pn)指标;收集全国443个主要灌区1998年、2005年及2010年的数据资料,分析了中国灌溉水分生产的时空变化规律及指标间的相关关系。结果显示:3个指标的全国均值分别为1.361、2.532及2.989 kg/m3;各省区的3个指标均随时间呈增加态势,直辖市的增幅较大而长江流域粮食主产区较小;代表年各灌溉水分生产率指标在空间上均表现为明显的聚集现象,高值省区以黄淮海平原为核心集中分布,华南、西北及东北则密集了低值省区;Pg、Pc及Pn两两之间均呈现显著的线性相关关系,决定系数均大于0.90。3个指标中的任一指标均可代表省区灌溉水分生产率在全国的排序位置。     

车辆半主动悬架系统模糊混合控制策略

在建立4自由度1/2车辆半主动悬架系统模型基础上,首先研发了兼顾车辆平顺性与道路友好性的模糊混合控制策略,然后利用自行开发的以Freescale MC9S12XDP512为核心处理芯片的16位电子控制单元,并结合Matlab/Real-time Windows Target模块搭建了车辆半主动悬架系统控制策略硬件在环仿真平台,在该平台开展了基于硬件在环的半实物仿真试验,深入验证模糊混合控制策略的实车应用可行性.试验结果表明,与天棚控制、地棚控制相比,所提出的模糊混合控制策略可以有效兼顾车辆平顺性和道路友好性,具有较好的实车应用前景.     

氧化石墨烯和五价砷在改性多孔介质中的共迁移特征

砷是农田土壤重金属污染的主要元素之一,在砷污染农田土壤的修复过程中往往忽视纳米颗粒能够使结合态的砷重新释放,导致有效态砷浓度升高,探究土壤中黏土矿物对氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide,GO)和五价砷(As(V))在多孔介质中迁移行为的影响,对进一步完善农田土壤砷修复理论以及提高农作物产量、保护人体健康具有重要意义。该研究利用蒙脱石和高岭石改性石英砂,通过砂柱迁移试验系统地研究了GO、As(V)和GO-As(V)在填加0%、10%、30%和50%的蒙脱石和高岭石改性石英砂柱中的迁移行为。研究结果表明,随着高岭石和蒙脱石改性石英砂填加比例的增加,GO和As(V)的迁移能力均呈降低趋势,且GO和As(V)在不同条件下的迁移曲线均存在显著差异(P<0.05);GO在50%高岭石和蒙脱石改性石英砂柱中的回收率相对于石英砂柱分别下降了14%和17%,As(V)分别下降了15%和12%;在共迁移试验中,GO和As(V)在石英砂柱中回收率分别上升至99%和100%。分析表明,As(V)在蒙脱石改性石英砂柱中的迁移能力大于高岭石改性石英砂,而GO与之相反;当GO和与As(V)共迁移时,二者...     

Ecological detoxification of methamidophos by earthworms in phaiozem co-contaminated with acetochlor and copper

In view of the ubiquitous co-existence of methamidophos, acetochlor and copper (Cu) in agricultural soils, ecological detoxification of methamidophos in phaiozem by earthworms was examined using the detoxic incubation experiments with illumination. It was validated that the earthworm Eisenia fetida is a useful soil animal in the process of methamidophos detoxification as the assistance of soil microbes and enzymes. Due to the action of earthworms, the half life of methamidophos with concentration of 15 mg/kg in phaiozem could decrease from 5.61 days to 5.08 days. Dynamics of methamidophos detoxification by earthworms could conform to the logistic model. Under the condition of multiple pollution combined with acetochlor (20 mg/kg) and Cu (300 mg/kg), ecological detoxification of methamidophos by earthworms became complicated. Acetochlor played a promoting role in the biodegradation of methamidophos to some extent, while it was basically inhibited by Cu.