The Bankruptcy System and the Auction Model of Management Buyout

This paper studied how the auction processis influenced by bankruptcy probability, bankruptcy cost, and the corporatetax rate. The study found thatthe bidding price of the management is negatively associated with bankruptcy cost and probability, and positivelyassociated with the corporate tax. However, the expected profit of the outside investor is positivelyassociated with bankruptcy cost and probability, and negatively associated with the corporate tax. When the bankruptcy cost and probabilityis high enough, the acquisition market would be totally inefficient.     

Comparison of water status indicators for young peach trees

We measured a series of physiological and physical indicators and compared them to xylem sap flow, to identify the most sensitive and reliable plant water status indicator. In the growing season of 1998, 4-year-old peach trees (Prunus persica Batsch cv. 'Suncrest', grafted on 'GF 677' rootstock) were studied under two irrigation treatments, 25 l day^у and no irrigation, and during recovery. Trials were conducted near Pisa (Italy) in a peach orchard situated on a medium clay loam soil and equipped with a drip-irrigation system (four 4 l h^у drippers per tree). Measurements of leaf water potential (ƒ_W), stem water potential (ƒ_S), and leaf temperature (T_l) were taken over 5 days (from dawn to sunset) and analyzed in conjunction with climatic data, sap flow (SF), trunk diameter fluctuation (TDF) and soil water content (SWC). Physiological indicators showed substantial differences in sensitivity. The first indication of changes in water status was the decrease of stem radial growth. TDF and SF revealed significant differences between the two irrigation treatments even in the absence of differences in pre-dawn leaf water potential (pdƒ_W), up until now widely accepted as the benchmark of water status indicators. Irrigated trees showed a typical trend in SF rate during the day, while in non-irrigated plants the maximum peak of transpiration was anticipated. Measurements of water potential showed ƒ_S to be a better indicator of tree water status than ƒ_W. T_l was found to have poor sensitivity. In conclusion, we found the sensitivity of the indicators from the most to the least was: TDF >SF rate >SF cumulated = pdƒ_W=ƒ_S>mdƒ_W>T_l.     

Controlled water table management as a strategy for reducing salt loads from subsurface drainage under perennial agriculture in semi-arid Australia

Recent community based actions to ensure the sustainability of irrigation and protection of associated ecosystems in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) of Australia has seen the implementation of a regional Land and Water Management Plan. This aims to improve land and water management within the irrigation area and minimise downstream impacts associated with irrigation. One of the plan objectives is to decrease current salt loads generated from subsurface drainage in perennial horticulture within the area from 20 000 tonnes/year to 17 000 tonnes/year. In order to meet such objectives Controlled Water table Management (CWM) is being investigated as a possible ‘Best Management Practice’, to reduce drainage volumes and salt loads.During 2000–2002 a trial was conducted on a 15 ha subsurface drained vineyard. This compared a traditional unmanaged subsurface drainage system with a controlled drainage system utilizing weirs to maintain water tables and changes in irrigation scheduling to maximize the potential crop use of a shallow water table. Drainage volumes, salt loads and water table elevations throughout the field were monitored to investigate the effects of controlled drainage on drain flows and salt loads.Results from the experiment showed that controlled drainage significantly reduced drainage volumes and salt loads compared to unmanaged systems. However, there were marked increases in soil salinity which will need to be carefully monitored and managed.     

Potato evapotranspiration and yield under different drip irrigation regimes

A field experiment comparing different irrigation frequencies and soil matric potential thresholds on potato evapotranspiration (ET), yield (Y) and water-use efficiency (WUE) was carried out in a loam soil. The experiment included five treatments for soil matric potential: F1 (-15 kPa), F2 (-25 kPa), F3 (-35 kPa), F4 (-45 kPa) and F5 (-55 kPa) and six treatments for irrigation frequency: N1 (once every day), N2 (once every 2 days), N3 (once every 3 days), N4 (once every 4 days), N6 (once every 6 days) and N8 (once every 8 days). Results indicate that both soil matric potential and drip irrigation frequency influenced potato ET, Y and WUE. Potato ET increased as irrigation frequency and soil matric potential increased. Comparing soil water potential, the highest ET was 63.4 mm (32.1%) more than the lowest value. Based on irrigation frequency treatments, the highest ET was 36.7 mm (19.2%) more than the lowest value. Potato Y and WUE were also found to increase as irrigation frequency increased. Potato Y increased with an increase in soil water potential then started to decrease. The highest Y and WUE values were achieved with a soil matric potential threshold of -25 kPa and an irrigation frequency of once a day.Communicated by J. Ayars     

农业"三新技术"农机化配套项目的应用

为进一步提高粮食生产科技含量,稳定粮食生产能力,近几年来浙江省确定在全省667khm2商品粮基地中实施以农业新品种、新技术和新农机为主要内容的“三新技术”配套项目。上虞市于2002年度获得了该项目的建设计划,并按照省定要求,联系本地实际,及时制定了项目实施方案,落实地方配套资金,签订项目承包合同,加强项目的管理,确保了项目的建设质量,产生了良好的社会和经济效益。该项目的实施既促进了农业龙头企业的生产发展,又起到了较好的示范和带动作用,也为提高上虞市部分农产品的经济效益提供了较好的条件,有着广阔的市场发展前景。     

小麦提前造墒灌水对玉米后期光合与产量的影响

于2011—2012年玉米生长后期,进行小麦分期提前造墒灌溉(设置9月20日、9月25日、9月30日灌溉3个水平,不灌水为对照,分别用I9.20、I9.25、I9.30和CK表示)单因素试验,研究小麦提前造墒灌溉对夏玉米后期光合与产量的影响。结果表明:玉米后期穗位叶净光合速率(Pn)日变化,CK为"双峰"曲线,其他处理为"单峰"曲线。Pn日变化均值以I9.20与I9.25处理较高,2年同品种处理间棒3叶叶源量(LSC)也以I9.20与I9.25处理较高。与光合特性不同,茎秆糖分含量以CK较高,其他处理较低。不同灌水模式还对玉米灌浆有一定影响,I9.20、I9.25处理的最大灌浆速率及灌浆平均速率较大,灌浆活跃期较长,快增期百粒质量积累量较多,百粒质量与籽粒产量较高。另外,水分处理还对干物质再分配有一定影响,吐丝后同化物输入籽粒量表现为I9.25I9.20I9.30≥CK。可见,河北平原小麦适期提前造墒灌溉,改善了玉米群体光合性能,促进了吐丝后同化物向籽粒运转,提高了籽粒产量。综上所述,本研究条件下小麦造墒灌水建议提前于9月20—25日。     

西鄂尔多斯地区四合木与红砂灌丛的阻沙能力对比研究

[目的] 对比分析西鄂尔多斯地区四合木与红砂灌丛的阻沙能力,为原生草原与荒漠过渡带植物的多样性保护和珍稀濒危物种保育提供理论依据与数据支持。 [方法] 以西鄂尔多斯国家级自然保护区内四合木(Tetraena mongolica)、红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)灌丛沙堆为研究对象,运用典型样方法对四合木和红砂灌丛沙堆形态与生长状况进行系统测定,探讨沙堆形态发育及阻沙能力与四合木和红砂灌丛形态的关系。 [结果] ①四合木和红砂灌丛沙堆均呈半椭球型发育,四合木灌丛沙堆形态参数显著大于红砂灌丛沙堆(p＜0.05); ②四合木、红砂灌丛与沙堆形态参数间(灌丛高度除外)具有显著相关性(p＜0.01)。四合木灌丛沙堆长轴、短轴、半径与高度之间均呈二次函数关系,表明四合木灌丛可能进入衰退阶段,而红砂灌丛沙堆长轴、短轴、半径与高度之间均呈线性关系,表明红砂灌丛沙堆仍在发育; ③当冠幅面积(S_p)≤1.44 m²时,红砂灌丛沙堆的体积大于四合木灌丛沙堆,当S_p＞1.44 m²时,四合木灌丛沙堆的体积一直大于红砂灌丛沙堆。四合木和红砂灌丛单位冠幅面积所拦截的沙物质体积分别为0.13和0.06 m³。 [结论] 可以初步判断四合木的阻沙能力大于红砂。整体来看,四合木对风沙环境的适应性较红砂强,随着冠幅面积的增长四合木灌丛拦截沙物质的能力更强。     

固原市玫瑰苑小区低影响开发措施改造对降雨径流的调控效益

[目的]计算住宅小区海绵改造后对降雨径流的调控效益,旨在为海绵城市建设提供技术参考。[方法]结合宁夏回族自治区固原市某住宅小区各低影响开发(low impact development, LID)设施的布设情况,计算不同设计降雨量下LID设施对降雨径流的截蓄量与各LID设施截蓄容积的利用率;再结合固原市2004—2014年的降雨资料,计算出该小区年均降雨径流总截蓄量与各LID措施对降雨径流的截蓄量。基于计算出的小区LID设施对降雨径流的截蓄数据,结合资源环境经济学原理,计算小区降雨径流年调控效益、单方降雨径流调控效益与各LID措施年均降雨径流调控效益。[结果]小区海绵改建后,年均降雨径流调蓄量增加11 568 m~3,产生的效益为111 302元/a,单方降雨径流调控效益为9.62元/m~3;各LID设施年均效益分别为:雨水花园45 273元/a,下沉式绿地27 103元/a,雨水桶6 654元/a,雨水池32 272元/a。[结论]住宅小区海绵改建能够有效控制小区降雨径流的外排量,提高小区年径流总量控制率,具有明显的经济、环境和社会效益。     

陕北黄土丘陵区退耕地植物群落演替特征

为了解黄土丘陵区侵蚀地貌退耕地植物群落演替模式及其基本特征,以陕北安塞纸坊沟流域的20块不同年限退耕地和荒坡为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列的方法进行植物群落的调查和演替特征的分析。结果表明:退耕地植物群落大致经历了茵陈蒿群落—杂类草—狗尾草群落—长芒草群落—铁杆蒿群落—茭蒿群落的演替过程。植物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均表现出随演替进行而上升的变化规律,但上升的速率各异;演替前期和中期的群落基本上属于对数级数分布,说明该阶段的物种组成主要是生态位预占模式起作用,演替后期的群落属于对数正态分布,可能是生态位预占、周围繁殖体的侵入压力、种间竞争和其他因素共同作用的结果;群落盖度变化与演替时间符合二次函数变化规律。     

低分子量有机酸作用下土壤中菲和芘的残留及形态

采用微宇宙试验方法,以菲和芘为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表物,研究了几种低分子量有机酸作用下黄棕壤中菲和芘的残留和形态。结果表明,老化60 d后土壤中菲和芘的残留含量明显减少;不施加有机酸的对照土壤中,菲和芘的残留含量为10.13和29.18 mg kg-1,去除率为87.33%和63.50%。与对照相比,供试浓度(0～64 mg kg-1)范围内,柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸等3种低分子量有机酸作用下土壤中PAHs残留含量提高,去除率减小,表明供试条件下有机酸抑制土壤中菲和芘的降解;进一步分析发现,少量(≤4 mg kg-1)的有机酸即可对PAHs降解产生高的抑制效果。微生物降解在PAHs的去除中起重要作用,且芘比菲更抗微生物降解。供试条件下,可脱附态和有机溶剂提取态是土壤中菲和芘存在的主要形态,而结合态残留占总残留的比例很小(<8.5%)。3种有机酸均提高了土壤中可脱附态和有机溶剂提取态菲和芘的残留含量,施加有机酸使土壤中菲和芘的可脱附态含量较对照分别提高了46.67%～749.1%和1.83%～80.20%,有机溶剂提取态则提高了8.73%～375.2%和22.63%～114.3%;低分子量有机酸作用下结合态的菲和芘含量仍很小。