不同调酸剂对种植玉米红壤微生物群落的影响

为研究红壤微生物丰度和群落组成对不同调酸剂的响应,分析影响碳/氮关键代谢过程微生物的变化,通过盆栽实验,设置不施肥（CK）、钙镁复合剂（L）、钙镁复合剂配施猪粪（ML）和钙镁复合剂配施秸秆（SL）4个处理,采用宏基因组测序技术,分析土壤细菌、真菌和古菌以及碳/氮代谢关键过程微生物。结果表明：L、ML和SL处理显著提高土壤pH值和交换性钙/镁,显著降低土壤交换性酸。调酸剂增加了细菌优势菌中的变形菌门相对丰度,降低了绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门相对丰度;降低了真菌优势菌中的毛霉菌门相对丰度;增加了古菌优势菌中的广古菌门和深古菌门的相对丰度,降低了奇古菌门的相对丰度。冗余分析结果显示,速效钾是影响土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的主要环境因子,土壤pH和有机碳是影响土壤真菌和古菌群落结构组成的关键因子。碳代谢过程的贡献度方面,变形菌门的贡献度在SL处理中最高,放线菌门和芽单胞菌门的贡献度在ML处理中最高。氮代谢过程中,各处理绿弯菌门对硝化作用的贡献率均超过80%。调酸降低了绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门在反硝化与硝酸盐异化还原过程中的贡献度,L与SL处理的变形菌门贡献度低于ML处理,而ML处理的放线菌门贡献度高于L与SL处...     

纳米纤维素水凝胶的制备与表征及其对猪肉的保鲜作用

水凝胶因具有低毒性、高生物相容性和可降解性而常用于食品保鲜,但其机械性能和抗疲劳性有待提高。为了探究大豆种皮纳米纤维素对水凝胶机械性能和抗疲劳性的影响,并提高水凝胶的综合机械性能。因此,本研究通过-20 ℃低温循环冷冻-解冻法制备具有可拉伸、强韧、抗疲劳的聚乙烯醇/海藻酸钠/纳米纤维素水凝胶,探究水凝胶对猪肉货架期的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪、X-射线衍射仪、热重仪和质构仪测定了水凝胶的理化性质和机械性能。研究结果表明,水凝胶内部单体之间以氢键和酯键交联,内部呈现多孔结构,断裂伸长率为230%、压缩强度为70 kPa、拉伸强度为17 kPa,经过多次循环拉伸仍具有良好的机械性能和较高的抗疲劳性。猪肉保鲜试验表明,水凝胶维持了猪肉色泽的稳定性,防止内部水分流失,并且将猪肉的保质期延长至10 d。因此,该水凝胶可用于食品包装以延长冷藏肉制品的保质期。同时,本研究为构建一种可拉伸、强韧、抗疲劳的多功能水凝胶提供了一种新的视角。     

京、津、冀区域扬沙天气气候变化特征分析

利用京、津、冀区域内所辖 6 5个气象观测站 1 95 4 - 2 0 0 2年的观测资料 ,分析了扬沙天气的气候变化特征。结果表明 :京、津、冀区域绝大部分地区是扬沙天气的主要影响区。高原、平原和丘陵地区是扬沙天气的多发区和易发区 ,宁晋、邢台一带是扬沙天气的高频区。扬沙的发生时间具有明显的季节变化特征 ;此区域内的扬沙呈现整体减少趋势 ,各分区域的变化趋势具有相似性 ,只是在减少幅度和年代际减少趋势上略有不同     

毛竹林丰产技术标准推广应用成效的评析

介绍尤溪县实施《毛竹丰产林标准化示范县》所取得的成效及采取的主要措施,并提出今后竹业发展的工作思路。     

不同类型有机肥对烤烟石油醚提取物及香气物质含量的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究不同类型有机肥对石油醚提取物及香气物质含量的影响。结果表明:1)施用有机肥均能增加石油醚提取物含量,其中T3(无机化肥+芝麻饼肥+生物有机肥)处理的中、上部叶石油醚提取物含量最大,分别为7.76%、8.75%;2)施用有机肥处理对上部叶的增香效果优于中部叶,有机肥处理的上部叶有24种香气物质含量均高于CK,中部叶有18种高于CK;其中T3处理的中、上部叶致香物质总量最大,分别高达1 291.45、1 524.34μg/g,较CK处理分别增加3.32%、34.86%。     

国内外农业信息化建设对佳木斯地区的启示

分析借鉴国内外农业信息化建设的经验,对加快实现佳木斯地区农业的信息化具有重要意义.为此,当前世界上农业信息化建设工作比较发达的欧美国家信息化建设的工作经验;分析了开展此项工作相对较晚的亚洲国家农业信息化建设的情况以及我国近年来农业信息化工作的情况.由此得出国内外经验给佳木斯地区开展农业信息化建设工作的4点启示:一是发挥政府的宏观调控职能是开展好农业信息化建设的保障;二是健全基础设施是开展好农业信息化建设的前提;三是搞好信息数据库建设是开展好农业信息化建设的基础;四是做好科研、教育和推广的有机结合是开展好农业信息化建设的必然.     

Lignin characteristics of bast fiber and core in kenaf, bark and wood of paper mulberry and mulberry

The structural features of bast fiber and core lignins in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), bark and wood lignin of paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent × Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb.) and mulberry (Morus bombycis) were characterized by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, ozonation and methoxyl group determination. Bj?rkman lignins were isolated from bast fiber and core, and bark and wood fractions of the plant samples, and structural characteristics were investigated by ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopies. Kenaf bast fiber gave very high molar ratio of syringaldehyde to vanillin (S/V) of alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation products, while methoxyl content was about the same as that of the core fraction. Results of ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR of Bj?rkman lignin suggested the presence of aliphatic fragments in lignins isolated from paper mulberry and mulberry bark, but not in kenaf bast fiber. The lower yield of alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation products from bast fiber and bark might be due to the higher content of condensed structure of lignin compared to core fraction. Total yield of erythronic (E) and threonic (T) acids of ozonation products and the molar ratio of erythronic acid to threonic acid (E/T) of the bast fibers and bark were lower than the corresponding core and wood fractions, suggesting that the contents of arylglycerol-β-aryl ether intermonomer linkages in the bast fiber and bark lignin were lower than those of the core and wood fractions. Methoxyl content of bark lignin was lower than the corresponding wood lignin. The methoxyl content of the extract-free kenaf bast fiber was similar to that of the core fraction, while the values of paper mulberry and mulberry bark were about one-half of the corresponding wood fractions, respectively. In bark lignins, the methoxyl contents of Klason lignin and Bj?rkman lignin from bark were lower than those of the extract-free barks. This result suggests that the purity of Klason lignin and Bj?rkman lignins of bark may be rather low.     

益生菌发酵棉粕对黄羽肉鸡小肠黏膜形态、血清T淋巴细胞亚群及肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究添加不同比例益生菌发酵棉粕对黄羽肉鸡小肠黏膜形态、血清T淋巴细胞亚群及肠道菌群的影响。选用14日龄健康黄羽肉鸡320只,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只鸡,Ⅰ组为空白对照组,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别添加3%、6%和9%发酵棉粕,研究不同添加量对肉鸡生长前期(14～28日龄)、中期(29～45日龄)、后期(46～65日龄)各阶段小肠黏膜形态,中、后期血清T淋巴细胞亚群及后期肠道菌群的影响。研究结果显示:①与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅲ组黄羽肉鸡前、中、后期的十二指肠绒毛高度极显著提高31.90%、25.17%、49.41%(P<0.01),隐窝深度极显著降低9.42%、11.31%、10.83%(P<0.01),V/C极显著提高45.65%、41.19%、67.84%(P<0.01);空肠绒毛高度极显著提高28.72%、28.38%、27.61%(P<0.01),隐窝深度显著或极显著下降6.65%(P<0.05)、6.18%(P<0.01)、7.37%(P<0.01),V/C极显著提高37.84%、36.69%、37.82%(P<0.01);回肠绒毛高度极显著提高76.64%、40.36%、67.20%(P<0.01) ,隐窝深度显著降低4.09%、6.07%、6.02%(P<0.05),V/C极显著提高83.79%、49.27%、78.26% (P<0.01)。②中、后期Ⅳ组黄羽肉鸡CD4⁺/CD8⁺显著提高42.86%、34.95%(P<0.05)。③随着发酵棉粕添加量的增多,黄羽肉鸡的十二指肠、空肠、回肠中乳酸菌的数量逐渐增多,且差异越来越明显,除Ⅱ组十二指肠和空肠段外,其余各组的各肠段差异均显著或极显著(P<0.05;P<0.01)。大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量逐渐减少,且差异越来越明显,除Ⅱ组十二指肠段外,其余各组各肠段差异均显著或极显著(P<0.05;P<0.01)。综上所述,6%发酵棉粕组在提高十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒毛高度、V/C,降低其隐窝深度方面都优于3%、9%发酵棉粕组,而9%发酵棉粕组在提高CD4⁺/CD8⁺、肠道乳酸菌数量和降低大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量方面优于3%、6%发酵棉粕组。     

Multiple amino acid substitutions are involved in the adaptation of H9N2 avian influenza virus to mice

To explore adaptation of avian influenza virus to mice we previously performed serial lung-to-lung passages of the influenza A/Chicken/Jiangsu/7/2002 (H9N2) strain, resulting in the isolation of a variant influenza strain lethal for mice. We now report that virulence correlates with improved growth characteristics on mammalian cells and extended tissue tropism in vivo. Sequencing of the complete genomes of the wild-type and mouse-adapted viruses revealed 25 amino acid substitutions. Some were found to reiterate known substitutions in human and swine H9N2 influenza isolates. Functions affected include nuclear localization signals and sites of protein and RNA interaction, while others are known determinants of pathogenicity and host specificity such as the viral polymerase PB2 E627K substitution. These observations suggest that enhanced growth characteristics and modified cell tropism may contribute to increased virulence in mice. We conclude that multiple amino acid substitutions are likely to be involved in the adaptation of H9N2 avian influenza virus to mice.     

奶牛乳腺炎诊断方法研究进展

奶牛乳腺炎的诊断方法有很多,临床乳腺炎可根据临床症状进行诊断,用于隐性乳腺炎的诊断方法有乳汁细胞学检查、乳汁的细菌培养、电导率测定、pH值的检查、乳清电泳诊断法、酶检测法、PCR检测方法、被毛微量元素检验法以及其它衍生方法.本文对奶牛乳房炎诊断研究进展作了系统的介绍.