S. Uthayakumaran  N. Barker  I. L. Batey  J. Dines  D. Miskelly  C. W. Wrigley 《Cereal Chemistry》2007,84(5):522-526

A flour miller must provide flour with the potential to produce dough properties suited to the specifications for food manufacturers involved with a range of food products. This difficult task could be simplified if grain of suitable dough-forming potential was segregated at harvest and delivered for milling. To achieve the identification of grain of suitable dough-quality potential, various published testing systems were adapted and evaluated using a total of 149 grain samples from five successive harvests to establish procedures that could be applied to “running samples”, each representing the contents of a specific storage cell. Some of the methods proved to be inadequate for this purpose. The best possibilities were methods based on the swelling index for glutenin (SIG) principle. The SIG test, combined with grain-protein content, is suitable for screening large numbers of wheat meal samples, making it possible for mill buyers to select stored grain lots that will suit the flour dough strength specifications for specific customers and their food products.  相似文献   

    

G. V. Dobrovol’skii  N. V. Stasyuk 《Eurasian Soil Science》2008,41(1):100-101

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N. N. Pigareva  T. M. Korsunova  N. A. P’yankova 《Eurasian Soil Science》2008,41(4):386-393

The humus content in soils of Buryatia varies significantly in dependence on the local hydrothermic conditions. All the studied soils are characterized by a relatively short humus profile, a sharp drop in the humus content down the soil profile, considerable amounts of the humin fraction and the fraction of humic acids bound with sesquioxides, and a moderate humus enrichment with nitrogen.  相似文献   

    

T. S. Demkina  T. E. Khomutova  N. N. Kashirskaya  E. V. Demkina  I. V. Stretovich  G. I. El-Registan  V. A. Demkin 《Eurasian Soil Science》2008,41(13):1439-1447

Chestnut paleosols buried under steppe kurgans about 4800, 4000, and 2000 years ago and their background analogues were studied in the dry steppe zone on the Volga-Don interfluve. Morphological, chemical, microbiological, biochemical, and radiocarbon studies were performed. Paleoclimatic conditions in the region were reconstructed on the basis of paleosol data. The ages of microbial fractions isolated from the buried and surface soils were determined using the method of ¹⁴C atomic mass-spectrometry. It reached 2100 years in the A1 horizon of the buried paleosol, which corresponded to the archaeological age of the kurgan (1st century AD). The ages of microbial biomass isolated from the B2 horizons of the buried paleosol and the background surface soil comprised 3680 ± 35 and 3300 ± 30 years, respectively. The obtained data confirmed our assumption about preservation of microorganisms of the past epochs in the paleosols buried under archaeological monuments. It is ensured by various mechanisms of adaptation of soil microbial communities to unfavorable environmental conditions (anabiosis, transformation of bacteria into nanoforms, etc.). The possibility to stimulate germination of the ancient dormant microbial pool isolated from the buried paleosols by 2–3 orders of magnitude with the use of β-indolyl-3-acetic acid as a signal substance was demonstrated.  相似文献   

    

N. Haregeweyn  J. Poesen  J. Deckers  J. Nyssen  M. Haile  G. Govers  G. Verstraeten  J. Moeyersons 《Land Degradation u0026amp; Development》2008,19(2):136-152

The losses in soil nutrients (nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P_av), organic carbon (OC), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)) in the catchment and the storage in the reservoir as a result of sediment delivery were assessed in 13 catchments/reservoirs in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. This specifically dealt with factors controlling the losses, the fertility status of the deposited sediment, the nutrient export (NE) rates and associated costs. Enrichment ratio (ER) values >1 were observed for the plant nutrients and the finer soil fractions. The high ER is associated with the preferential transport of nutrients bound to finer soil fractions and the parent material dissolution and its transport via runoff. However, the fertility status of the deposited sediment is not sufficient by itself to support a sustainable crop growth and hence external addition is necessary, mainly for N and P_av fertilizer. Generally, rates of NE were high. The high OC export on the other hand dictates the potential of reservoir sediments for OC sequestration. The cost price of loss of only N and P_av, eroded from the catchment slopes, was estimated at €34·2 million (Euros) in March 2006 for the Tigray. Pity enough, policy makers and beneficiaries do not realize the magnitude of the problem, which forms a major threat for the crop production in the country. Therefore, it is important not only to make the public aware of the problem but also of implementing integrated soil fertility management practices. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

    

Clifford MN  Stoupi S  Kuhnert N 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(8):2797-2807

Green tea, tara tannin, and tannic acid have been profiled for their contents of galloylquinic acids using LC-MS8. These procedures have provided evidence for the first observation of (i) 1-galloylquinic acid (11), 1,3,5-trigalloylquinic acid (22), 4-(digalloyl)quinic acid (28), 5-(digalloyl)quinic acid (29), and either 3-galloyl-5-(digalloyl)quinic acid (32) or 3-(digalloyl)-5-galloylquinic acid (33) from any source; (ii) 4-galloyl-5-(digalloyl)quinic acid (34), 5-galloyl-4-(digalloyl)quinic acid (35), 3-(digalloyl)-4,5-digalloylquinic acid (41), 4-(digalloyl)-3,5-digalloylquinic acid (40), 5-(digalloyl)-3,4-digalloylquinic acid (39), and 1,3,4-trigalloylquinic acid (21) from tara tannin; and (iii) 3-galloylquinic acid (12) and 4-galloylquinic acid (14) from green tea. The first mass spectrometric fragmentation data are reported for galloylquinic acids containing between five and eight gallic acid residues. For each of these mass ranges at least two isomers based on the 1,3,4,5-tetragalloylquinic acid core (25) and at least three based on the 3,4,5-trigalloylquinic acid core (24) were observed. Methanolysis of tara tannin yielded methyl gallate, methyl digallate, and methyl trigallate, demonstrating that some of these galloylquinic acids contained at least one side chain of up to four galloyl residues.  相似文献   

    

Myles JP  Price GM  Hunter N  Day M  Duffy SW 《Public health nutrition》2003,6(5):513-519

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Solovieva  N.  Jones  V. J.  Appleby  P. G.  Kondratenok  B. M. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2002,139(1-4):237-260

Sediment cores and surface sediments from fourteen lakes locatedalong three pollution gradients in the Usa basin, north-east European Russia were analysed for diatoms, spheroidal carbonaceous particles, trace metals and water chemistry. At each site past pH was inferred using a diatom-based transfer function and critical loads for sulphur deposition were calculated using a diatom model. Lakes from the Vorkuta transectcurrently experience the highest levels of atmospheric deposition, however, results suggest that at present day sulphurdeposition levels there is no danger of lake acidification at any of the sites, due to their high buffering capacity. The sediment records show that sites from the Inta and Vorkuta transects experienced higher pollution loads 10–30 yr ago, whencoal production and mining were more intensive. There is also evidence that in the Vorkuta area atmospheric deposition mighthave led to the alkalisation of the lakes since diatom floristicchanges and an increase in inferred pH coincide with the periodof peak industrial activity.  相似文献   

    

S.‐T. Lim  J.‐A. Han  H. S. Lim  J. N. BeMiller 《Cereal Chemistry》2002,79(5):601-606

Waxy maize (native and hydroxypropylated [HP]) and potato starches were impregnated with ionic gums (sodium alginate, CMC, and xanthan, 1% based on starch solids) and heat‐treated in a dry state for 0, 2, or 4 hr at 130°C. Effects of the dry heating on paste viscosity (RVA) and clarity (light transmittance) were examined. Heat treatment with sodium alginate and CMC raised the paste viscosities of native and HP waxy maize starches, but decreased that of potato starch. Xanthan provided the most substantial changes in paste viscosity among the tested gums. It appeared to heavily restrict granule swelling of the waxy maize starches, but it increased swelling of potato starch granules. Dry heating raised the paste viscosity of all the starch‐gum mixtures tested, except the potato starchalginate mixture. The final viscosity at 50°C of a 7% paste was raised in all other starches by ≈500–1,000 cP by this treatment. The paste of waxy maize starch‐gum products became opaque and shorter textured by the heat treatment, regardless of the gum type, whereas potato starch‐gum products did not show any obvious change in paste clarity. Ionic gums could behave as cross‐linking agents as well as form graft copolymers through heatinduced ester formation. This simple heating process with ionic gums could be used as a modification method for starch.  相似文献   

    

M. S. J. Manzoni  S. N. Kronka  J. F. Lopes‐Filho 《Cereal Chemistry》2002,79(1):120-124

Effect of lactic acid, SO₂, temperature, and their interactions were assessed on the dynamic steeping of a Brazilian dent corn (hybrid XL 606) to determine the ideal relationship among these variables to improve the wet‐milling process for starch and corn by‐products production. A 2×2×3 factorial experimental design was used with SO₂ levels of 0.05 and 0.1% (w/v), lactic acid levels of 0 and 0.5% (v/v), and temperatures of 52, 60, and 68°C. Starch yield was used as deciding factor to choose the best treatment. Lactic acid added in the steep solution improved the starch yield by an average of 5.6 percentage points. SO₂ was more available to break down the structural protein network at 0.1% than at the 0.05% level. Starch‐gluten separation was difficult at 68°C. The lactic acid and SO₂ concentrations and steeping temperatures for better starch recovery were 0.5, 0.1, and 52°C, respectively. The Intermittent Milling and Dynamic Steeping (IMDS) process produced, on average, 1.4% more starch than the conventional 36‐ hr steeping process. Protein in starch, oil content in germ, and germ damage were used as quality factors. Total steep time can be reduced from 36 hr for conventional wet‐milling to 8 hr for the IMDS process.  相似文献