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51.
52.
Reducing the environmental risk of soluble P loss from sludge-amended soils is essential for increasing soils capacity to utilize sewage sludge beneficially. Fresh dewatered anaerobically digested sewage sludge (FSS), stabilized with ferrous sulphate (FeSul–SS), calcium oxide (CaO–SS) and aluminum sulphate (alum–SS), each at three chemical-to-FSS ratios, or by composting (BSC), was applied to alluvial soil at rates of 150 and 300 mg P kg? 1 soil. Changes in P phytoavailability in comparison to KH2PO4-amended soil were probed during 100 days of incubation by a P-bioassay and were compared to the concentration of water-soluble P (WSP) and Olsen-P. P phytoavailability was notably linked to the incubation duration and the stabilization process. In general, P phytoavailability at equal P-addition rates was KH2PO4 > > alum–SS > BSC ≥ FSS > CaO–SS > > FeSul–SS; and it was positively related to the added P rates, although with quite different patterns among the various sludge products. The concentration of inorganic WSP (WSPi) extracted from the soil increased following the application of FSS or BSC, and additional P mineralization further increased its concentration during incubation. In contrast, in most cases the chemically stabilized sludges, especially the FeSul–SS, showed considerably reduced inorganic WSP concentrations relative to the untreated soil. The total WSP, Olsen-P and organic WSP (WSPo) positively correlated to P phytoavailability, indicating that WSPo plays a role in plant P utilization in these soils. It is concluded that all the chemically stabilized sewage sludge studied effectively controlled WSPi in soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. 相似文献
53.
BACKGROUND
Host plant resistance plays an important role in integrated pest management programs. Crop resistance assessments commonly focus on only a single dependent variable, such as larval survival/plant damage, which limits the ability to appreciate the impact of host plants on pest populations in the full sense. Therefore, we performed life-table analyses for tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta, on 19 Solanum lycopersicum genotypes and a wild Solanum habrochaites accession. These analyses assess the ability of the pest to attain a high population density on different tomato genotypes. Based on the resulting ranking of tomato resistance at the vegetative stage (45-day-old plants), we tested the resistance of six selected genotypes at the reproductive stage (4-month-old plants).RESULTS
T. absoluta performance was significantly inferior on vegetative-stage S. habrochaites plants (LA 1777); time taken for the first instars to mine the leaves (5 ± 0.14 days), development time of early- and late-stage larvae (8.8 ± 0.2 and 4.2 ± 0.2 days, respectively), pupal period (11.2 ± 0.58 days), and total developmental time (29.4 ± 0.83 days) were significantly longer, fecundity was significantly lower (18.66 ± 7.24 days), and the highest total mortality (63.33%) also recorded compared with other genotypes, resulting in the lowest net reproductive rate (R0) (11.20 ± 2.51). For the six selected genotypes, the ranking of plant resistance did not change between plants at the vegetative and reproductive stages.CONCLUSION
This study suggested that of 20 screened tomato genotypes, LA 1777 and EC-620343 are the least suitable hosts for T. absoluta to establish fast-growing populations, and thus can be employed in integrated T. absoluta management. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献54.
Two bioassay methods are described which use detached tobacco leaves to measure the sensitivity of Peronospora tabacina to systemic fungicides. Tobacco leaves (13–15 cm2), treated with fungicides before or after detachment from the plant, were inoculated with sporangia in water drops and, after incubation in beakers and Petri plates, the disease severity and/or production of sporangia was determined 4–7 days after treatment with the fungicides. Of 15 systemic fungicides applied to detached leaves, eight N-phenylamides at 0.066?1.0 μg ml?1 controlled blue mould; metalaxyl was the most effective fungicide. Isolates of P. tabacina, collected in the field from tobacco plants grown in soil treated with metalaxyl, were not resistant to the fungicide applied to detached leaves prior to inoculation. The fungicide, applied to leaves before detachment, was used to measure the efficacy of five systemic N-phenylamide fungicides sprayed on the basal and unsprayed distal portions of the leaves. Blue mould was controlled on the basal portion of the leaf by all the fungicides at 0.66?1.0 μg ml?1, but it required the application of 3–30 times more chemical on the basal portion to achieve comparable blue mould control on the distal part of the leaf. 相似文献
55.
Journal of Pest Science - Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) have a repertoire of defensive behaviors against insect predators and parasitoids that includes kicking, twitching, walking away and dropping... 相似文献
56.
Yvonne Ventura Wegi A. Wuddineh Malika Myrzabayeva Zerekbay Alikulov Inna Khozin-Goldberg Muki Shpigel Tzachi M. Samocha Moshe Sagi 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011
The halophyte Salicornia was recently introduced as a fresh vegetable crop that thrives in extreme salt conditions. Two annual Salicornia and two perennial Sarcocornia ecotypes were investigated for yield production and nutritional value in response to different seawater concentrations in the irrigation solution. A harvest schedule based on a three-week cycle gave better productivity than a two-week or a four-week cycle. Total yield declined with increasing percentage of seawater above 50% in the irrigation water, however annual plants had always ca 2–3-fold higher fresh biomass in comparison to their perennial counterparts. Increased percentages of seawater in the irrigation solution had the following effects on ion concentrations in the shoots: no change in Ca2+ and Mg2+, a slight increase in K+, and marked elevations in Na+ and Cl−. Importantly, total polyphenol, β-carotene and ureides, all known for their antioxidant capacities, rose with increasing seawater percentage, findings that indicated improved nutritional values for Salicornia and Sarcocornia irrigated with high concentrations of seawater. Impressively, both the annual Salicornia and the perennial Sarcocornia ecotypes exhibited high total shoot lipid contents of up to 2.41 and 2.06 mg g−1 fresh weight, respectively, which included an omega-3 fraction of 47.6 and 41.2% of the total fatty acid content. Moreover, the high fatty acid content of the annual Salicornia ecotype was not significantly affected by increasing seawater concentrations. In this study, we thus demonstrated the feasibility of cultivating Salicornia and Sarcocornia by applying a multiple harvest system and 100% percentages of seawater in the irrigation water generating economic yields with high nutritional value. The findings also showed that Salicornia and Sarcocornia leafy vegetables may attract additional interest as an alternative source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for human consumption, even when the crop irrigated solely with seawater. 相似文献
57.
Yvonne Ventura Wegi A. Wuddineh Muki Shpigel Tzachi M. Samocha Brandon C. Klim Shabtai Cohen Zion Shemer Rui Santos Moshe Sagi 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011
Salicornia is a new vegetable crop that can be irrigated with highly saline water, even at salt concentrations equivalent to full-strength seawater. During leafy vegetable cultivation, the onset of the reproductive phase is an undesired phenomenon that reduces yield and quality and prevents year-round cultivation. Knowledge about the regulation of floral induction in the members of the tribe Salicornieae, however, is lacking. To establish year-round cultivation, we studied the flower induction of five Salicornia and two Sarcocornia varieties. Plants were grown under two day lengths, 13.5 h and 18 h, and harvested by a repetitive harvest regime. A 13.5-h day length prevented flower induction in the Israeli Salicornia varieties, but a longer day length was required to prevent flower induction in two species originating from more northern latitudes. The onset of the reproductive phase under suboptimal short day length conditions severely reduced vegetative growth and yields in Salicornia. In Sarcocornia, the repetitive harvest regime prevented flowering, making it a promising candidate for year-round cultivation. Irrigating the plants with full-strength seawater (electrical conductivity 48 dS m−1) vs. water with moderate salinity (electrical conductivity 10 dS m−1) did not change the general flowering pattern of the studied Salicornieae members. 相似文献
58.
59.
Moshe J. Pinthus 《Euphytica》1973,22(1):121-123
Summary Genotypic differences in yield between breeding lines or cultivars may be estimated with the aid of functions of the regression of their individual yields, in different environments, on the mean yields of all the lines tested in the respective environments. 相似文献
60.
Yoram Kapulnik Moshe Feldman Yaacov Okon Yigal Henis 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1985,17(4):509-515
Acetylene reduction activity (ARA) was measured in cores containing roots of various Israeli wild and cultivated wheat lines colonized by Azospirillum. The inoculated plants were grown under greenhouse or field conditions. Although, no measurable ARA was detected during earlier stages of wheat development, 50–600 nmol C2H4 g?1 dry root h?1 was measured during heading and flowering stages. By using N yield balance and 15N dilution techniques, it was found that Triticum aestivum cv. Miriam inoculated with Azospirillum accumulated 20% more N (14N and 15N) at the booting stage than did the uninoculated control. This difference in N content became less apparent in grains. No significant 15N dilution could be found and the contribution of atmospheric N2 to the N content of grains of inoculated plants was negligible. It was concluded that the potential contribution of biological N2 fixation to spring wheat cultivation in Israel is very low. 相似文献