Using genetic tools to inform conservation of fragmented populations of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) across their range in China

A herd of 15 Chinese elephants attracted international attention during their 2021 northward trek, motivating the government to propose establishment of an Asian elephant national park. However, planning is hampered by a lack of genetic information on the remaining populations in China. We collected DNA from 497 dung samples from all 5 populations encompassing the entire range of elephants in China and used mitochondrial and microsatellite markers to investigate their genetic and demographic structure. We identified 237 unique genotypes (153 females, 84 males), representing 81% of the known population. However, the effective population size was small (28, range 25–32). Historic demographic contraction appeared to account for low haplotype diversity (H_d = 0.235), but moderate nucleotide and nuclear diversity (π = 0.6%, H_e = 0.55) was attributable to post-bottleneck recovery involving recent population expansion plus historical gene exchange with elephants in Myanmar, Lao PDR, and Vietnam. The 5 populations fell into 3 clusters, with Nangunhe elephants differing consistently from the other 4 populations (F_ST = 0.23); elephants from Mengyang, Simao, and Jiangcheng belonged to a single population (henceforth, MSJ), and differed from the Shangyong population (F_ST = 0.11). Interpopulation genetic variation reflected isolation by distance and female-biased dispersal. Chinese elephants should be managed as 2 distinct units: Nangunhe and another combining Shangyong and MSJ; their long-term viability will require restoring gene flow between Shangyong and MSJ, and between elephants in China and neighboring countries. Our results have the potential to inform conservation planning for an iconic megafaunal species.     

Three Turns of Contemporary Architecture and the Chinese Traditional Thoughts

Significant changes have taken place within the contemporary architecture since the 20th century: firstly the architecture turns from "thing" to "nothing",secondly the experience of architecture turns from logic to essence intuition,and thirdly the architecture turns from noun to verb,from which we find in surprise the sparks of the Chinese traditional thought which criticizes all the ready-made,especially the conceptual thought with its happening and generation,and shows a new non-subject-object-dimidiate,non-logical and fundamentally non-metaphysical perspective in theory.This made it possible for us to reconsider and reinterpret the contemporary architecture from a more original new perspective.     

葡萄组培苗瓶外生根技术研究

采用不同种类和浓度的生长素诱导葡萄组培苗瓶外生根，并观察组培苗在不同处理基质、不同的温度、不同的生理年龄条件下生根的效果。通过优化技术参数，建立了葡萄组培苗瓶接生根的技术优化体系，结果表明，用浓度为0.3mg/L的IBA浸蘸处理的插条，在温度为27~29℃的环境条件下在基质珍珠岩上培养，瓶苗茎段的生根率可达85.5 %，移栽后苗木的成活率达98 %，相对于其他方法有了较大的提高。该技术的建立有助于实现葡萄工厂化育苗技术的商业化扩大。     

铰链密封式传动滚子链的道路试验研究

通过30000km道路行驶试验研究表明，密封滚子链的磨损形式，对销轴和套筒而言是以疲劳磨损为主,伴随有粘着磨损与磨粒磨损；对链板和O形圈而言主要是疲劳磨损，并且O形圈的磨损要比链板的磨损严重得多。销轴和套筒表层磨损后产生了循环硬化特性，有利于提高其铰链副的耐磨性。     

水肥一体化智能调控设备智能液位开关设计

在对设施蔬菜生产中使用的水肥一体化设备进行智能灌溉控制设计中,监测混肥罐和回液桶中液位高低是非常必要的。现有液位检测普遍采用机械开关式液位浮子,工程实践中发现当进出水口与浮子过近,或者水纹波动显著时,浮子上下剧烈抖动会导致水泵随浮子的抖动而经常启停,对于启动电流较大的泵容易造成损伤。本文在软硬件设计中采用了计数器数字滤波电路以及单片机定时器中断,设计了一种替代简单液位浮子的实用智能液位开关。为了检验该设计的性能,在同等条件下,进行了不同液面、不同压力和水流量的对比试验。试验结果表明,计数脉冲发生电路中充电电阻和放电电阻为4.7 kΩ时,滤波后的输出信号比现场实际的数控信号时间迟延了2.11 s,经数字电路滤波后的输出信号已经完全消除了宽度小于2 s的所有干扰信号,并且具有很高的稳定性。迟延时间与计数电路、计数脉冲发生电路有关,通过电路设计调整滤波脉宽可使输出信号有效地滤除干扰成分。同时,利用该方法也可以根据不同工况,如不同功率的水泵设定不同参数滤除干扰信号,提高智能液位开关适用性。     

弧型往复双动式采茶切割器优化与试验

针对往复双动式采茶切割器碎茶率高的问题,该研究对切割器进行了优化。首先,分析了切割器的结构及工作原理,通过切割图分析得到影响采摘质量的主因子为机速、刀机速比、刀齿高度、往复运动行程。并基于设计的轨道式采茶试验台,进行了采摘质量因素二次回归正交旋转中心组合试验,建立了以芽叶完整率、漏采率、割茬不平度为评价指标的参数优化模型。运用遗传算法解得最佳参数分别约为机速0.4 m/s,刀机速比1.2,行程23 mm,齿高25 mm,芽叶完整率模型的估计值为86.895%。根据优化结果设计刀具,试验验证得：芽叶完整率82.6%,漏采率0.24%,割茬不平度2.8 mm,与优化结果相符合。优化后采摘芽叶完整率提高了20%以上,提升了茶叶采摘质量,为“机采+分级”的名、优质茶叶高效采收技术奠定了基础。     

水稻幼苗对多浓度Fe2+胁迫的QTL联合检测

用珍汕97B/密阳46的RIL作图群体,以基本营养液培养为对照(CK),设2种Fe2 (160 mg/L和240 mg/L)作为胁迫处理,以处理20 d的幼苗相对苗高(%)(处理苗高/对照苗高×100%)作为幼苗耐Fe2 胁迫程度的评价指标,进行2个环境的QTL联合检测分析.结果表明,RIL群体株系间对Fe2 胁迫反应差异较大,明显出现超亲分离.共检测到4个耐Fe2 胁迫的主效QTL,即qTFS-1-1、qTFS-3、qTFS-6和qTFS-9,分别位于第1、3、6和9染色体上,可解释14.96%的表型变异,它们与Fe2 胁迫浓度并无显著的G×E互作,表明这4个耐性基因在不同浓度Fe2 胁迫处理下,均可稳定表达.试验还检测到3对耐Fe2 胁迫的加性×加性上位性互作,共可解释7.16%的表型变异,涉及第1、2、7、9、12等5条染色体,该3对上位性互作与Fe2 不同浓度胁迫处理也无显著G×E互作.     

影响农杆菌介导甜瓜子叶遗传转化的因素

以甜瓜子叶作为根癌农杆菌介导转化的受体,通过GUS基因瞬时表达率的分析,研究此转化体系的最佳实验参数.实验结果表明,预培养时间、预培养后对外植体进行处理、感染时间、共培养时间、农杆菌工程菌的浓度等对转化效率都有一定的影响,但是根癌农杆菌诱导物AS并不能大幅度提高转化效果.对外植体进行重新处理,预培养2 d,用OD560为0.3的农杆菌工程菌感染15～25 min,共培养3～4 d的理想条件下,GUS瞬时表达率可达85%.     

加热法对石膏刨花板性能影响的研究

研究了加热温度和加压时间对石膏刨花板性能的影响。试验结果表明石膏固化时加适量的热量有助于提高石膏刨花板的性能;加热温度较高时石膏刨花板的性能比常温条件下压制的板的性能低。石膏固化时是吸热反应,石膏刨花板加压固化时,外加一定的热量有助于提高石膏的固化强度,因此板具有较好的物理力学性能。