基于系统工程理论的食品经济管理知识体系构建

食品经济管理是一门交叉学科,通过比较分析国内外食品经济管理学科的发展研究现状,运用系统工程的理论和方法,提出了构建食品经济管理知识体系的必要性。在食品系统学的基础上,提出了食品生命周期的5个阶段,即食品的生产阶段、流通阶段、交易阶段、使用阶段和回收阶段。根据食品所具有的自然属性和社会属性的双重特征,明确了食品经济管理学科的交叉性和复杂性,创新性的设计出了食品经济管理知识体系的9大知识领域,并提出了食品经济管理知识体系的二维结构图,对我国食品经济管理学科的建立和快速发展具有现实的意义。     

Interaction of swine nursery and grow-finish space allocations on performance

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the possible interaction of nursery space allocations and grow-finish space allocations in swine. In Exp. 1, crowding was achieved by varying the number of pigs per pen. During the nursery phase, decreasing the space allocation (0.16 m2/pig vs 0.25 m2/pig; 8 and 12 pens per treatment, respectively) by increasing the number of pigs per pen (18 vs 12) resulted in a decrease in daily feed intake (0.609 vs 0.683 kg/d; P < 0.001) and daily gain (0.364 vs 0.408 kg/d; P < 0.001). Pigs were mixed within nursery treatment groups and reassigned to grow-finish pens (6 pens per treatment) at the end of the 35-d nursery period providing either 0.56 m2/pig (14 pigs/pen) or 0.78 m2/pig (10 pigs/pen). Crowding during the grow-finish phase decreased daily feed intake (P < 0.003) and daily gain (P < 0.001). In Exp. 2, space allocations of 0.16 m2/pig vs 0.23 m2/pig during the nursery phase (24 pens per treatment) resulted in a decrease in daily feed intake (0.612 vs 0.654 kg/d; P < 0.005) and daily gain (0.403 vs 0.430 kg/d; P < 0.001). Pigs remained in the same (social) groups when moved to the grow-finish phase. Unlike Exp. 1, there was no effect of crowding during the grow-finish phase (0.60 m2/pig vs 0. 74 m2/pig) on daily feed intake or daily gain. The difference in results between experiments suggests that the response to crowding during the grow-finish phase may depend in part on whether pigs are mixed and sorted following movement from the nursery.     

黑龙江省的几种跌水工程

针对高寒地区跌水工程中存在的问题,总结了黑龙江省特有的四种跌水工程的结构和特点以及运行情况,提出了需进一步研究完善的问题。     

A regional evaluation of the effect of fiber type in gestation diets on sow reproductive performance

A cooperative regional research study using 194 sows, from which data were collected from 381 litters, was conducted at 3 research stations to determine the effects of added psyllium (a concentrated fiber source) or soybean hulls to gestation diets on reproductive performance of sows and preweaning performance of their pigs. Primiparous and multiparous sows were allotted to the 3 treatments of control (corn and soybean meal-based), 0.30% psyllium, or 20% soybean hulls. Sows fed the control and 0.30% psyllium diets were provided 1.82 kg/d, and sows fed the 20% soybean hulls diet were provided 2.0 kg/d to equalize ME, Lys, Ca, P, and vitamin and trace mineral intake. Treatments 1 to 3 had 130, 130, and 121 litters per treatment from 64, 64, and 63 sows, respectively. Gestating sows fed psyllium had a greater (P < 0.01 to 0.10) d 110 gestation, farrowing, weaning, and 17 d postpartum BW and gestation ADG compared with sows fed soybean hulls. Sows fed psyllium also had a greater (P < 0.10 and 0.08) d 110 gestation BW and gestation ADG than the control sows. Sows fed soybean hulls had a reduced (P < 0.06) farrowing BW compared with the control sows. Sows fed psyllium weaned lighter (P < 0.09) pigs than sows fed the control diet. Litter size was not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. Sows fed psyllium had a reduced (P < 0.03) feed intake compared with sows fed soybean hulls for d 5 to 7 postpartum, and sows fed the control diet were intermediate. Fecal scores (1 to 5 with 1 = dry and 5 = watery) were greater (P < 0.001) and DM content was less (P < 0.001 to 0.01) in the feces of sows fed soybean hulls compared with sows fed psyllium or the control diet on d 112 of gestation and d 4 postpartum. Fecal scores were greater (P < 0.10) and fecal DM content was less (P < 0.02) in sows fed psyllium compared with sows fed the control diet only on d 4 postpartum. In summary, sows fed soybean hulls during gestation had reduced BW compared with sows fed the control diets. In contrast, sows fed psyllium had an increased BW.     

北京山区侧柏人工林立地指数表的编制

侧柏是北京市山区主要的造林树种,其人工林面积约占全市森林总面积的25.96%。该文在利用二类清查数据分析侧柏人工林主要分布区立地条件的基础上,利用全市314块调查样地的侧柏优势木资料,采用优势木树高与年龄关系的常用数学模型,研制北京山区侧柏人工林的立地指数表。结果表明:对数曲线方程lgH=0008+0562 lgA是最适合的导向拟合曲线;侧柏人工林的标准年龄应定为40年,在4～13 m范围内可划分为10个立地指数级。选用相对优势高法展开导向曲线编制形成立地指数表。检验结果表明:所编立地指数表精度高、适用性强,能够客观评价北京山区侧柏人工林的立地质量,提高生长和收获模型的精度;同时还能为其相似地区所借鉴,从而使该树种在林业和环境建设方面发挥更重要的作用。      

北京山区人工林枯枝落叶层养分动态分析

为探讨不同人工林经营模式对土壤肥力的影响,该研究于2000年在北京九龙山地区设立样地,对华北落叶松、油松、白蜡人工林和椴栎杨天然次生林的枯枝落叶数量、养分含量、分解速率和养分归还量进行研究和分析。结果表明:①林下枯枝落叶储量的顺序为:油松椴栎杨落叶松白蜡;②单位面积各营养元素的总量与枯枝落叶的储量及营养元素含量成正相关关系;③落叶松、椴栎杨林下枯枝落叶分解较快,油松和白蜡相对较慢;④对于枯枝落叶归还到土壤中的N、P、K数量,落叶松人工林最大,其次为椴栎杨天然次生林,油松和白蜡人工林最少。      

居民对城市森林生态效益经济补偿支付意愿实证分析

城市森林生态功能价值的最大受益者是其周边地区的居民,实行城市森林生态效益经济补偿政策首先应从城市森林周边地区开始,为此,需要调查周边地区居民对城市森林生态功能价值的支付意愿(WTP).该文是在对哈尔滨城市森林周边的四个居民区进行调查的基础上,应用假设市场价值评估法(CVM)对城市森林周边地区居民进行城市森林生态效益经济补偿支付意愿(WTP)调查.对调查数据的分析表明,66%的居民认为空气质量有好转,96%的居民认为需要加强城市森林投入,70·6%的居民愿意出资(人均33·2元/a),80·3%以上的居民愿意出力(5·5h/a);影响支付意愿的方式及支付大小主要有文化程度、人均收入两种因素;进行的Logistic回归分析能够预测不同收入居民的出资概率.综上,建议对城市森林生态效益实行经济补偿的方式应包括出资和出力两种形式,支付额度要符合居民的支付意愿.     

合理编制监理规划的重要意义

列举监理规划存在的问题,根据监理规划编制质量不高的实际现象分析原因,阐明能够提高监理规划编制质量的有力措施。     

民间信贷成因及政策研究

资金供求缺口催生了民问信贷。民贷具有潜在的制度变迁效应，也蕴涵着较大的金融风险。本文在分析民贷成因及影响基础上，针对金融表象问题和深层次体制的矛盾，提出了采取“堵”、“疏”结合的方法，诱导地下金融浮出“地面”，建立民营化金融机构的对策建议。     

野生动植物利用产业统计指标体系框架设计

该文分析与探讨了构建我国野生动植物利用产业统计体系的重要现实意义和当前野生动植物利用产业统计指标的现状,提出了在国民经济统计体系和3次产业分类基础上,以资源为基础,以资源—产品—市场为主线构建野生动植物利用产业指标体系框架的设计原则和思路.并在这一思路的指导下,构建了我国野生动植物利用产业统计指标体系的整体框架,具体包括野生动植物利用具体产业统计指标体系、野生动植物利用的简要指标体系和野生动植物利用的关键指标体系等3个层次.