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21.
Takenaka M Yan X Ono H Yoshida M Nagata T Nakanishi T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(3):793-796
Five caffeic acid derivatives were found in the roots of yacon, Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson, Asteraceae, as the major water-soluble phenolic compounds. The structures of these compounds were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data. Two of these were chlorogenic acid (3-caffeoylquinic acid) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, common phenolic compounds in plants of the family Asteraceae. Three were esters of caffeic acid with the hydroxy groups of aldaric acid, derived from hexose. The structure of the aldaric moiety was determined by hydrolysis and comparison of NMR spectra with those of standard aldaric acids. The compounds were novel caffeic acid esters of altraric acid: 2,4- or 3,5-dicaffeoylaltraric acid, 2,5-dicaffeoylaltraric acid, and 2,3,5- or 2,4,5-tricaffeoylaltraric acid. 相似文献
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To investigate the emotional reactivity of fish in a novel environment, the swimway test was developed. The swimway apparatus
consists of a shaded start chamber and an open, illuminated swimway. Fish were first introduced and habituated to the start
chamber. A door partitioning the start chamber from the swimway was then opened, and behavioral responses of the fish in the
apparatus were measured. By using the swimway test, behavioral responses to a novel environment of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, crucian carp Carassius langsdorfii, and goldfish Carassius auratus were quantified and compared. The emotional reactivities in blue gill were found to be the lowest and crucian carp the highest,
indicating bluegill are relatively active or ‘bold’, and that the crucian carp are relatively passive or ‘shy’, in a novel
environment. It is suggested that the swimway test is applicable to examning inter-species differences in relative emotional
reactivity or boldness in a simplified novel situation. 相似文献
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Mitsuhisa Baba Shintaro Abe Makiko Kasai Toshihiro Sugiura Hiroshi Kobayashi 《Journal of Forest Research》2011,16(6):446-455
Understory vegetation may affect nitrate (NO3
−) leaching, even in coniferous forests. Our objective was to estimate the contribution of understory vegetation to nutrient
cycling, especially nitrogen, in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) stand. We therefore cut down and removed understory vegetation in one plot of the stand (the cutting plot) to compare nutrient
budgets in the cutting plot with those in a control plot in which understory vegetation was allowed to grow. We also examined
neutralization of the acid produced due to an increase in NO3
− leaching. A monitoring study on precipitation and soil-percolated water was carried out in both plots. When the understory
vegetation was cut down, NO3
− flux at a soil depth of 10 cm increased remarkably in summer, with values significantly higher than those in the control
plot. This resulted in an increase in proton load associated with N transformation ([H+]load). The increase in [H+]load enhanced mobilization of Ca2+, Mg2+, and SiO2 ([SiO2]mob). In addition, the correlations between [SiO2]mob and mobilization of each base cation were distinct in the cutting plot. These results indicated that the acids produced
because of N transformation were buffered not only by ion exchange but also by chemical weathering. The contribution of understory
vegetation to minimizing NO3
− leaching suggested that understory vegetation might reduce the risk of N saturation because of chronic atmospheric N inputs. 相似文献
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Hiroyuki Ohta Kazuya OgiwaraEri Murakami Hiroshi TakahashiMasaru Sekiguchi Kiyokazu KoshidaTakashi Someya Wataru MorishimaJose D Rondal Rogelio N ConcepcionMasao Yoshida Makiko Watanabe 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1155-1158
The diversity of bacterial populations developed in the surface layer (0-0.25 m depth) of volcanic mudflow deposits from the Mt. Pinatubo volcano (the Philippines) was investigated using quinone profiling. Samples were collected from sites (named N and S1) that had been hit repeatedly by mudflows during successive rainy seasons after the violent eruption of 1991 and also from sites (F1 and F3) covered by mudflow in 1991 but with no deposition in following years. The total microscopic count ranged from 108 g−1 (N and S1 sites) to 3.9×109 g−1(site F3). In the N sample only three quinone species were detected, while the quinone profiles of samples from sites S3 and F3 showed higher diversity. Tetrahydrogenated menaquinone with eight isoprenoid units [MK-8 (H4)] was the predominant quinone species in the sample from site N, while MK-8, MK-8 (H2), MK-8 (H4), MK-9 (H4) and MK-9 (H8) were found as major quinones in the sample from site F3. Because these MK species are known to be the major respiratory quinones of the Actinobacteria, this bacterial group is expected to predominate in the land with primary vegetation recovery following the impact of the volcanic mudflow. 相似文献
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Fujiwara Y Kiyota N Tsurushima K Yoshitomi M Horlad H Ikeda T Nohara T Takeya M Nagai R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(10):2472-2479
It was previously revealed that esculeoside A, a new glycoalkaloid, and esculeogenin A, a new aglycon of esculeoside A, contained in ripe tomato ameliorate atherosclerosis in apoE-deficent mice. This study examined whether tomatidine, the aglycone of tomatine, which is a major tomato glycoalkaloid, also shows similar inhibitory effects on cholesterol ester (CE) accumulation in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) and atherogenesis in apoE-deficient mice. Tomatidine significantly inhibited the CE accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in HMDM in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibited CE formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. Furthermore, the oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduced levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and areas of atherosclerotic lesions. The study provides the first evidence that tomatidine significantly suppresses the activity of ACAT and leads to reduction of atherogenesis. 相似文献
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Correlation between the proportion of stained eggs and the number of mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) monitored using a ‘non‐parallel board trap’ 下载免费PDF全文
Makiko Odaka Kazumasa Ogino Michitaka Shikada Kenichi Asada Syoujirou Kasa Takahiro Inoue Ken Maeda 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(12):2077-2083
The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) is a serious problem for the poultry industry worldwide. However, the relationship between the mite population and the damage that they cause is still unclear. In this study, the mite population in poultry houses was examined using an established trap method, and the risk of blood‐stained eggs caused by the mites was assessed. Traps were placed once a week outside the egg channels and/or on the floor in two poultry farms in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, from April 2012 to July 2014. The numbers of blood‐stained eggs and total eggs were counted at weekly intervals. The results showed that the number of mites increased from April to May, and reached a peak around the beginning of June when the average temperature and humidity were >24°C and 70–90%, respectively. In the segmented model, the correlation between the proportion of blood‐stained eggs and the number of mites or temperature was positive over a threshold. In conclusion, our established trap method is useful for monitoring mites and can be used to predict when poultry farms should be treated to prevent appearance of blood‐stained eggs. 相似文献
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Chie Imagawa Junichiro Takeuchi Toshihiko Kawachi Kei Ishida Shunsuke Chono Natsuki Buma 《Paddy and Water Environment》2011,9(4):425-439
Long-term simulation using the distributed hydro-environmental watershed model is efficacious for assessing irrigation impacts
on hydrological cycle in detail and for implementing watershed management successfully. In this article, the previously developed
hydro-environmental watershed model (HEWM-1) is improved in the water exchange process caused by surface water-groundwater
interaction via drainage canals and/or underdrains. The time-varying stream flow in canals is described by the complete one-dimensional
shallow water equations in a newly introduced submodel, the open channel flow submodel. This submodel coordinates with the
other submodels: the tank, soil moisture and groundwater flow submodels which are interlinked in a cascade manner. The improved
model (HEWM-2) is applied to an agricultural watershed covering an area from an alluvial fan onto a nearly level alluvial
plain, to be validated. The simulation by HEWM-2 is informative for identifying whether any drainage canal is gaining or losing
water in relation to groundwater level. It could thus provide useful information for conserving a complex network of drainage
canals which also functions as a passage for aquatic animals like fishes. 相似文献