大蒜发芽叶愈伤组织细胞超微结构观察与过氧化物酶同工酶的变化

在大蒜发芽叶愈伤组织发生过程中,线粒体、内质网、核糖体和质体的数量呈增加趋势,结构呈完善趋势,细胞液泡化程度降低;而愈伤组织细胞中,这些细胞器的数量有所下降,有的线粒体发生解体.细胞脱分化过程中,细胞分裂以核缢裂的无丝分裂方式进行.在愈伤组织发生过程中,过氧化物酶同工酶谱呈减少和减弱的趋势,而在愈伤组织中,又有所增加和增强.     

VARIATION OF LOCALLY LIPSCHITZ FUNCTION ON FINSLER MANIFOLD

In this paper, we generalize the generalized gradient of clarke on Banach manifold to the case of Finsler manifold and discuss the variational property of corresponding locally Lipschitz function, such as pseudo-gradient vector field, deformation lemma and Morse inequality.     

土壤水分对谷子(粟)结实的影响及其生理效应

土壤水分对谷子结实的影响主要在结实阶段.土壤水分过少或过多,都能显著降低结实率、成粒数和产量.这一时期以保持土壤毛管持水量的70%左右对结实最为有利.供水不足,首先影响根系活性和体内水分状况,从而影响体内外气体交换,降低光合速率和呼吸强度,同时影响细胞膜透性,导致体内物质代谢过程改变,降低有机物质的积累,造成穗部营养贫乏,形成秕谷.土壤水分过多,通气不良,影响根系活性,降低伤流量,抑制体内代谢过程及物质运转,造成穗部营养不足,形成秕谷.     

ENVI FLAASH和ERDAS ATCOR2的大气校正对比研究

研究分别用ENVI FLAASH模块和ERDAS ATCOR2模块对LANDSAT5-TM图像进行大气校正,进而对校正效果进行评价。结果表明,ENVI FLAASH和ERDAS ATCOR2均能很好地消除大部分大气的影响,满足试验要求。但从精度方面考虑,ENVI FLAASH要略胜于ERDAS ATCOR2。     

Controls of infiltration–runoff processes in Mediterranean karst rangelands in SE Spain

Semiarid karst landscapes represent an important ecosystem surrounding the Mediterranean Basin for which little is known on runoff generation. Knowledge of the sources and patterns of variation in infiltration–runoff processes and their controls is important for understanding and modelling the hydrological functions of such ecosystems. The objectives of this paper are to determine the infiltration rates and their controls in a representative mountain karst area (Sierra de Gádor, SE Spain) at micro-plots and to investigate the integrated response of rainfall on a typical hillslope. Rainfall simulations in micro-plots and natural rainfall-runoff monitoring on a hillslope were carried out complementarily. We investigated the role of soil surface components (vegetation, rock outcrop, fracture, and soil crust), topographic position, antecedent soil moisture, and rainfall characteristics in regulating infiltration–runoff processes. Results of rainfall simulation revealed the importance of vegetation cover and the presence of rock fractures in promoting the infiltration in the limestone karst landscape, while bare patches and rock outcrops acted as sources for runoff. All plots with > 50% vegetation cover had no runoff with up to 55 mm h^− 1 of simulated rain. In contrast, nearly all bare plots had runoff under the same simulated rain, with runoff coefficients ranging from 3.1 to 20.6% on dry soil surface conditions, and from 2.0 to 65.4% on wet soil surfaces. Runoff coefficients amounted to 59.0–79.5% for rock outcrops without cracks, but were drastically reduced by the presence of cracks. The surfaces with rock fragments resting on the soil (generally located in the middle of the slopes) prevented more effectively the runoff generation than those surfaces where rock fragments were embedded in the top soil. Antecedent soil moisture had significant impact on runoff generation, with wet soil having doubled runoff coefficient, shortened time to runoff, and increased runoff rate compared to the same but dry soil. Linear regressions indicated that the main controls for constant infiltration rate were the cover percentages of vegetation and litter, plus rainfall intensity; while the major controls for runoff coefficient were the bare soil and vegetation coverage, plus rainfall intensity. High infiltration rates measured at the micro-plots agreed with low intra-event runoff coefficients (mostly below 1%) observed under natural rainfalls at the hillslope. Runoff depth and coefficient at the hillslope was significantly correlated with rainfall depth, maximum hourly rainfall intensity and antecedent precipitation over 20 days (AP₂₀). During the 1.5-year monitoring period from Sep-2003 to Mar-2005, the overall infiltration was 41% of the total rainfall amount and the maximum infiltration rate was almost 94% of the largest single rainfall event. The results from this study contribute to improved understanding of the magnitude and controls of the surface runoff in semiarid karst mountain areas.     

不同植被对晋陕蒙矿区排土场土壤养分16 a恢复程度的影响

为评价晋陕蒙矿区排土场土地复垦过程中不同植被措施对土壤肥力的恢复作用及程度,在内蒙古准格尔旗黑岱沟煤矿东排土场,分别选取已恢复16 a的7种不同人工植被(沙打旺、长芒草、紫穗槐+长芒草、刺槐林、沙棘林、杨树林、樟子松),并以周边原地貌条件下两种植被(退耕梯田长芒草、自然坡地沙棘林)为对照,分析了不同植被条件下0~10、10~20、20~40 cm土层土壤全氮、有机碳、硝态氮以及铵态氮的含量及其差异。结果表明:1)9种植被配置中除樟子松地和沙打旺草地外,土壤养分含量均随深度增加而递减。2)经过近16 a植被修复后,7种人工植被不同程度地改善了土壤肥力状况,其中刺槐纯林配置的恢复效果最佳,土壤肥力恢复程度接近或超过原地貌条件下植被的50%,沙棘次之。杨树和樟子松两种配置对土壤全氮、有机碳、硝态氮恢复效果相对较差,恢复程度均不超过40%。7种不同植被措施对土壤铵态氮的恢复程度相对较好,分别恢复到自然植被长芒草样地和自然植被沙棘样地的79.50%~93.77%,89.47%~105.70%。土壤全氮、有机碳、硝态氮恢复程度则相对较低,分别恢复到自然植被长芒草样地的24.70%~44.15%、25.09%~44.65%、47.25%~85.33%;分别恢复到自然植被沙棘样地的33.52%~56.85%、32.83%~54.82%、47.18%~84.66%。总之,尽管经过近16 a的复垦,7种人工植被下的土壤养分状况尚未完全恢复到该地区自然水平,但仍可认为该地区进行生态修复时可优先选择以刺槐为主的豆科乔木、以沙棘为主的灌木、以及长芒草等草本植物,并进行适当的套种、间种,以增强复垦效果。     

考虑农户收入差异的农田水利设施供给效果的综合评价

为探讨农户收入差异视角下农田水利设施供给效果及其影响因素,该文从主、客观两个维度构建农田水利设施供给效果评价指标,探索农户收入差异及其他因素影响农田水利设施供给效果的效应。采用因子分析法对农田水利设施的供给水平相关指标进行量化分析,计算得到所调查180个村庄的农田水利设施供给水平的综合得分;使用Min-max标准化处理法对农田水利设施供给水平及农户满意度进行标准化处理,使其取值均在0~1范围内,然后取两者的平均值来表征农田水利设施的供给效果;进而选用分层线性模型探析农户收入差异等因素对农田水利设施供给效果的影响。结果表明,调查地区的农田水利设施供给水平偏低,农户对农田水利设施的满意度尚未达到理性预期;农田水利设施供给效果的差异有48.8%是由村庄农田水利设施供给的差异导致的;用不同指标所衡量的农户收入差异与农田水利设施供给效果的关系是一致的。该研究可为促进农田水利设施供给效果改善提供意见参考。     

基于螺旋贝壳仿生的发动机增压器涡轮蜗壳设计提升涡轮性能

增压器蜗壳性能直接影响增压器整体效率和性能。通过降低蜗壳内腔流动阻力、减少蜗壳能量损失对提高增压器效率和性能具有重要意义。海洋螺旋形贝壳在进化过程中形成了减少流体阻力、降低运动过程中流体能量损耗的结构特征。该文以螺旋贝壳为仿生原型,通过逆向工程技术获取贝壳内腔数据,在几何分析的基础上提取内腔截面部分数据作为仿生蜗壳设计原始数据,并完成数学建模。通过数据优化得到增压器涡轮蜗壳仿生设计截面曲线,实现蜗壳仿生曲面设计。建立原型增压器和仿生增压器计算模型,在原型增压器仿真模型与台架试验吻合较好的条件下,采用流体力学软件对原型及仿生优化增压器涡轮效率、流通特性及蜗壳内流态等性能进行仿真分析。结果表明,涡轮流通能力不变情况下,仿生蜗壳使涡轮效率提升3%,最大可提升5%以上;流场分析结果表明,仿生优化蜗壳减小蜗壳壁面附近的流动损失和流道内气流摩擦,壳内流动平稳均匀,无旋流,是涡轮效率明显提高的根源。本文所采用的方法对增压器涡轮性能的提升显著,可以为汽车和农业机械涡轮增压系统设计和优化提供参考和借鉴。