基于宽窄行种植模式下稻秸非均匀性覆盖对土壤特性及小麦产量的影响

为探究宽窄行种植模式下稻秸非均匀性覆盖还田对土壤理化特性和小麦产量的影响,在大田条件下,本研究通过前期不同行间距配置试验筛选出30 cm+15 cm的优势宽窄行组合,并在此基础上设置5个不同梯度的宽窄行稻秸分布比例处理(T1:0、T2:25％、T3:50％、T4:75％、T5:100％),分析窄行(苗带)土壤理化性质和...     

Net energy of oat bran,wheat bran,and palm kernel expellers fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry

The objectives of this experiment were to (a) determine the effects of fiber increase in diets on heat production (HP), (b) determine the net energy (NE) of oat bran (OB), wheat bran (WB), and palm kernel expellers (PKE) fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry (IC). Twenty‐four growing barrows (29.2 ± 2.6 kg) were randomly allotted to one of four diets with six replicate pigs per diet. Diets included a corn‐soybean meal basal diet and three test diets containing 30% OB, WB or PKE, respectively. During each period, pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 20 days, including 14 days to adapt to the diets. On day (d) 15, pigs were transferred to the open‐circuit respiration chambers for determination of daily total HP and were fed one of the four diets at 2.3MJ ME/kg body weight (BW)^0.6/day. Total feces and urine were collected for the determination of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and daily total HP was measured from d 15 to d 19 and fasted on day 20 for the measurement of fasting heat production (FHP). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and organic matter (OM) were greater (p < 0.01) in pigs fed the basal diet compared with those fed the test diets. The ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was lower (p < 0.01) in pigs fed the WB diet compared with those fed the basal, OB, or PKE diets. The ATTD of ether extract (EE) in pigs fed the PKE diet was greater (p < 0.01) compared with those fed the other diets. The average total HP and FHP in pigs fed the four diets were 1261 and 787 kJ/kg BW^0.6/d, respectively, and were not significantly affected by diet characteristics. The NE:ME ratio for diets ranged from 78.1 to 80.9%. The NE contents of OB, WB, and PKE were 10.93, 7.47, and 8.71 MJ/kg DM, respectively.     

Net energy content of five fiber‐rich ingredients fed to pregnant sows

The present study was conducted to determine the net energy (NE) values and energy efficiency of wheat bran (WB), sugar beet pulp (SBP), corn gluten feed (CGF), soybean hulls (SBH), and defatted rice bran (DFRB) fed to pregnant sows. Thirty‐six multiparous pregnant sows were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment. Each period lasted for 21 days including 14 days for adaptation. On day 15, sows were moved into respiration chambers for heat production (HP) measurement and provided feed at 544 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day. On day 20, sows were fasted to measure the fasting heat production (FHP). Experimental diets included corn‐soybean meal basal diet and five diets containing 29.20% WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB, respectively. Results showed that inclusion of WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB to basal diet decreased (p < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients. The average adjusted total HP and FHP were 418 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day and 326 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day, respectively. The average NE:ME ratio of experiment diets was 82.5%. In conclusion, the NE values of WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB were 9.05, 8.59, 8.37, 7.64, and 7.93 MJ/kg DM, respectively.     

美国苜蓿贸易--趋势、经验与启示

随着我国奶产业及其它草食畜牧业转型和升级步伐的加快,市场对优质牧草的需求快速增加,特别是从美国进口苜蓿(Medicago sativa)呈"井喷式"增长态势。我国苜蓿作为一个产业发展只是近年来才起步。尽管国内苜蓿生产满足不了强大的市场需求,但研究其国际市场贸易,可以有效借鉴国际经验,尽快赶上国际苜蓿贸易发展水平。美国是苜蓿生产和贸易大国,以美国为研究对象,分析其苜蓿贸易趋势和经验,并提出相关启示对我国苜蓿贸易具有重要意义。研究结果表明,美国苜蓿愈加受到各国青睐,出口量不断增加,出口价格不断上涨;高标准、严要求的苜蓿产品质量是保障出口强有力的前提,高水平的营销策略是推动出口的重要驱动力,强大的信息追溯体系是保障质量的重要手段,低成本的运输系统是美国苜蓿出口竞争力提升的重要条件。国内应重视苜蓿国际贸易市场,提高营销策略,完善二次压缩技术,降低交通运输成本,规范实体产业并建设草产品质量追溯体系,尽快提升我国苜蓿生产水平和质量档次,从而提升苜蓿产业的竞争力。     

自卸车翻转座优化设计与分析

针对自卸车翻转座总成,以四尾座翻转结构为例,在对其结构设计、加工制造及受力情况等进行分析的基础上,提出了一种新型的翻转座总成优化设计方案。通过优化设计改进,翻转座总成在加工工艺、装配性能、装配质量及维修等方面都得到了有效改善。同时,对关联部件的同步优化,进一步提高了翻转座总成的承载能力。通过对改进前、后两种结构的应力对比分析,验证了优化设计的合理性及有效性。     

不同缓/控释尿素在黄土台塬区春玉米的减量施用效果

本文通过田间试验研究了覆膜条件下,黄土台塬区6种缓/控释尿素减量施用对春玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮素累积量等的影响,以确定适合本地区春玉米施用的缓/控释氮肥品种和用量,为本地区春玉米简约、高效施肥技术提供理论依据与技术支撑。以春玉米品种‘先玉335’为供试作物,设9个处理,分别为不施氮肥处理(N0)、农户常规施氮处理[普通尿素,施氮量225 kg(N)·hm~(-2),N225]、普通尿素减量处理[施氮量180 kg(N)·hm~(-2),N180]和6种缓/控释尿素减量处理[施氮量180 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]。6种缓/控释尿素分别为树脂尿素、控失尿素(CLU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、脲甲醛(UF)、多肽尿素和稳定尿素。在玉米各生育时期采集地上部植株样品及耕层(0~20 cm)土样,分析耕层土壤无机氮含量,测定玉米植株氮素累积量及产量。施用氮肥可显著增加玉米产量,增产率在28%~65%。与N225相比,N180玉米产量显著降低19.1%,但各缓/控释尿素(减量20%)一次基施没有明显的减产效应,其中SCU与CLU分别增产4.5%和2.7%。与农户常规施肥相比,N180降低经济效益2 051$·hm~(-2);各缓/控释尿素(除UF)可增加玉米氮素累积量、提高氮肥利用率2.26%~12.69%,经济效益提高347~1 747$·hm~(-2),氮肥利用率和经济效益以SCU、CLU最高。大喇叭口期—吐丝期,缓/控释尿素氮素释放量大可能是提高氮肥吸收和利用率的原因之一。控失尿素和硫包衣尿素等缓/控释尿素减量(20%)并一次性基施,能维持产量不降低,提高氮肥利用率和经济收益,节约劳动力成本,可作为黄土台塬区春玉米简约化减量化施肥的一种选项。     

不同土壤前期含水量对土壤分离临界水动力学特性及其抗剪强度的影响

通过实测不同土壤前期含水量(5%~23%)和坡度(1°~10°)条件下黄壤坡面土壤分离临界水动力参数,并结合不同土壤含水量(3%~23%)对土壤抗剪强度的影响,综合分析及探讨不同土壤前期含水量、坡度和土壤抗剪强度与临界水动力特性的关系。结果表明:临界流量与不同土壤前期含水量和坡度呈幂函数减小关系,并提出一种能够体现土壤前期含水量和坡度共同作用对临界水动力参数影响的预测方程。在坡度小于5°时,土壤前期含水量对临界水动力学参数影响较小,可直接采用简化的幂函数关系进行计算。土壤黏聚力随土壤含水量的增加先出现峰值后逐渐减小至稳定;与土壤黏聚力的变化趋势不同,土壤分离临界水动力参数则逐渐减小。     

泾惠渠灌区作物种植结构变化对灌溉需水量的影响

研究种植结构变化对灌区作物需水量和灌溉需水量的影响,能够为作物生育期的灌溉用水管理和农业水资源规划提供基础数据。依据泾惠渠灌区实测降水和蒸发蒸腾等气象数据,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和作物系数法计算灌区主要作物需水量;通过频率计算和配线法确定灌区丰水年(25%)、平水年(50%)和枯水年(75%)的有效降水量;根据1988—2014年Landsat卫星遥感影像提取的泾惠渠灌区不同历史时期农业种植结构数据,计算典型水文年份灌区总灌溉需水量,并分析作物需水量和灌溉需水量在不同典型水文年的年际和月际变化。结果表明,随着泾惠渠灌区农业种植结构的变化,灌区总的作物需水量和灌溉需水量都呈现显著下降趋势。但泾惠渠灌区在1988—2005年间,单位面积平均作物需水量和平均灌溉需水量都基本保持不变,随后均呈小幅下降趋势。各月份作物总需水量和总灌溉需水量除6月份之外,其余各月份都呈现显著下降趋势;但在此期间,灌区单位面积平均作物需水量和平均灌溉需水量除在4、8、9月份呈下降趋势,而6月份呈显著增加趋势外,其余各月份基本保持不变。灌区总的作物需水量和灌溉需水量的下降主要是由农作物种植面积大量减少所致,种植结构的变化对其影响较小,但灌区种植结构调整后的作物需水量状况更符合区域有效降水特点。     

牛副流感病毒3型HNex蛋白表达及其多克隆抗体的制备

本研究旨在获得牛副流感病毒3型(BPIV3)的HNex蛋白及其多克隆抗体。以提取的BPIV3细胞毒的RNA为模板,利用RT-PCR方法扩增包含血凝素神经氨酸酶(HN)的基因片段,然后以此为模板扩增编码HN蛋白膜外区片段(HNex基因),并进行氨基酸序列测定。将HNex基因插入克隆载体pEASY-Blunt Simple中,经双酶切连接至pET-30a(+)表达载体中,构建重组原核表达载体pET-30a-BPIV3-HNex,转化大肠杆菌RosettaTM(DE3)pLysS感受态细胞,IPTG诱导后,用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting方法鉴定表达产物。经亲和层析方法纯化的HNex蛋白作为免疫原,制备兔抗BPIV3-HNex多克隆抗体。结果显示,本研究成功克隆BPIV3 HNex基因。原核表达蛋白结果表明,53 ku处有特异条带出现,并且可以与鼠抗His发生特异性免疫反应。免疫兔的血清中BPIV3 HNex抗体效价为1∶819200。Western blotting结果表明,制备的兔抗BPIV3 HNex多克隆抗体能与BPIV3蛋白发生特异性反应。总之,本研究利用原核表达系统表达BPIV3 HNex蛋白,并获得兔抗BPIV3 HNex多克隆抗体,为进一步探索BPIV3 HN蛋白的功能及亚单位疫苗研制提供参考。