CD40 induces an antimicrobial response against the intracellular pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

Streptococcus agalactiae is a Gram‐positive facultative intracellular bacterium that leads to severe economic loss of tilapia worldwide. Previous studies demonstrated that CD40 contributes to host protection against intracellular injection. In this study, CD40 was characterized from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), named OnCD40. Sequence analysis showed that open reading frame of OnCD40 was 933 bp, containing a single peptide, a transmembrane domain and four cysteine‐rich domains. The qRT‐PCR revealed that OnCD40 was expressed in all examined tissues with the most abundant ones in spleen and thymus. After S. agalactiae stimulation, the expression of OnCD40 was significantly induced in most of the detected organs. Moreover, OnCD40‐overexpressing fish elicited significant protection against subsequent S. agalactiae challenge; approximately 10000‐fold fewer bacteria were detected in spleen of OnCD40‐overexpressing fish in comparison with control fish. Thus, CD40 had protecting function in Nile tilapia against intracellular pathogens.     

漠斑牙鲆胚胎及仔稚鱼发育的形态学观察

对漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)胚胎及胚后发育进行观察,描述各发育时期的发育时序和形态特征.在水温18.5±0.5℃,盐度32～33的条件下,受精卵历时49 h脱膜而出,孵化后仔鱼在水温20.5±0.5℃时,4日龄开口摄食,26日龄进入变态期,45日龄左右完成变态成为幼鱼.漠斑牙鲆的卵子为浮性卵,油球一个.刚孵化仔鱼的消化道细直,3日龄肛门开通,4日龄卵黄囊消耗殆尽,开口摄食.在原肠期胚体下包约1/2时,在视囊和胚盘上出现点状星状的黑色素细胞.孵化后体两侧菊花状黑色素均匀分布;进入变态期后,体两侧的幼体色素逐渐收缩消失,同时在有眼侧出现个体较小的圆形成体色素细胞.在早期发育过程中,伴随着冠状鳍条的发生、伸长和缩短吸收.无鳔器官的发生.     

潜流湿地技术在高密度养殖尾水处理中的应用

构建"潜流湿地+生物净化"的湿地生态系统,并以纯生物净化系统作为对照区,研究其对池塘高密度养殖尾水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、悬浮物总颗粒(SS)指标的去除效果,并对试验区与对照区内的产量与效益进行分析。结果表明:构建湿地生态系统后,区域内养殖面积有所减少,但产量与效益却有所提高。试验区的净化面积占整个养殖系统的7.9%,远远小于对照区的净化面积占比18.8%。对TN、TP、CODMn的去除率分别为80.8%～90.9%、78.95%～88.18%和23.20%～27.24%,对照区对相应指标的去除率分别为70.8%～88.7%、76.09%～87.14%和15.38%～25.08%,试验区的去除效率略高于对照区。至2011年,试验区与对照区的池塘生产各类水产品产量分别比2009年增长24.8%与19.2%、销售收入分别增长了26.4%与14.8%、利润分别增加了35.2%与18.64%。试验区产量与效益明显好于对照区。因此,潜流湿地方式净化水质节省了土地资源,提高了鱼池利用率及养殖效益,与纯生物净化相比具有明显的优越性。     

台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源管理的探讨

应用Schacfcr和Fox剩余产量模式及其由此衍生的生物经济模式和Gulland最适产量Y_(0.1)模式,分别估算了台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源的最大持续产量、最大持续捕捞力量,最大经济产量、最大经济捕捞力量、最佳经济效益,最适产量、最适捕捞力量,并对各模式计算的诸项经济指标进行比较,讨论了渔业管理方案,确定了近期适合国情、省情的管理目标。     

棉酚对罗非鱼（Oreochromisniloticus）离体精子毒性作用的研究

新鲜采取的尼罗罗非鱼精液在加入棉酚的精子保存液中28℃下培养。高达10mM 的乙酸棉酚也不影响精子在一小时内的存活率。罗非鱼精子的存活率在培养三小时后存活率显下降，而低浓度棉酚（25－100μM）显提高罗非鱼精子的 存活率。 本对上述实验结果进行了讨论。     

利用盐碱地地下水养殖中国对虾试验

1999年在胶州市李格庄镇低洼盐碱地原淡水养鱼池塘改建中国对虾养殖池塘，在池塘边上打井提供养殖用水，井水盐度一般在10－12左右；虾苗在水泥池淡化7天使盐度降为15，经暂养后陆续分至养殖池，暂养成活率76．11％；养成阶段主要使用配合饵料，添加抗病药物；前期以添加水为主，养殖中后期少量换水，平均日换水量不超过5％，并定期使用水质净化剂。结果5个养殖池对虾平均亩产90．83kg。     

1株水产用益生枯草芽孢杆菌液体发酵初步研究

通过正交试验、单因素试验和100L发酵罐中试确定了枯草芽孢杆菌HJ02工业生产用的优化液体培养基和发酵工艺条件。最佳培养基配方为：葡萄糖10g/L、玉米粉8g／L、豆粕粉25g／L、硫酸锰30．8mg／L、硫酸镁5g/L、磷酸二氢钠0．52g/L、磷酸氢二钠2．33g/L;最优发酵工艺条件：培养温度30℃,初始pH值7．0,最佳接种的菌龄是18小时。     

Acute tolerance and histopathological effects of ammonia on juvenile maroon clownfish Premnas biaculeatus (Block 1790)

This study evaluated the median lethal concentration values (LC₅₀) and the histopathological effects of un‐ionized ammonia (NH₃^‐‐N) on juvenile maroon clownfish Premnas biaculeatus. After 96 h of exposure to different concentrations of ammonia, juveniles were sampled for histopathological evaluation. The 24 and 96 h LC50 values of NH₃^?‐N determined were 1.68 and 0.89 mg L^?1 respectively. Maroon clownfish exposed to different ammonia concentrations displayed histopathological alterations in the gills, kidney, liver and brain. Gill tissue damage included lamellar hyperplasia, lamellar shorting and hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucous cells. The kidney showed hyperanaemia, enlarged sinusoids within an apparently decreased amount of haematopoietic tissue, oedema on tubular cells and tubular necrosis, and an enlarged Bowman's capsule. The liver presented dilatation of hepatic sinusoids, fatty deposition in hepatocytes and Mallory bodies. Examination of the brain revealed a proliferation of glial cells, and the Virchow‐Robin space indicated a severe perivascular oedema and signs of neuronal suffering with satellitosis. The results of this study indicate that juvenile maroon clownfish are relatively sensitive to ammonia and particular attention must be given to this toxic compound in culture systems.     

Effect of Bacillus cereus as a water or feed additive on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia

We evaluated the effects of Bacillus cereus, as an additive in water and feed, on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Experiments were performed in tanks and net cages respectively. Experiment 1: Tilapia were housed in tanks for 42 days, and B. cereus was added to the water at 1.0 × 10⁴ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 ×10⁵ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Experiment 2: Tilapia were housed in cages for 42 days, and the feed was supplemented with B. cereus at 1.0 × 10⁷ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 × 10⁸ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Each treatment contained three replicates, with 50 male tilapias per replicate. The fish from the probiotic treatments in both tank and cage experiments had significantly higher serum lysozyme and peroxidase activities than the control. In the cage experiment, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase activities in tilapia were significantly higher in probiotic treatments compared with the control. The results of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that B. cereus supplementation in the feed and water affected the autochthonous gut bacteria community of tilapia and stimulated various potentially beneficial bacteria. Therefore, B. cereus, as a water or feed additive, could enhance the immune status and affect the gut microbiota of tilapia. Bacillus cereus was more effective as a feed supplement rather than a water additive for enhancing the immune status of tilapia.